{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T13:57:37Z","timestamp":1761400657797,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,4]],"date-time":"2016-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"NIAAA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 AA019605","F31 AA022261","U01 AA01834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA019605","F31 AA022261","U01 AA01834"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prenatal alcohol exposure affects inhibitory control and other aspects of attention and executive function. However, the efficacy of extrinsic reinforcement on these behaviors has not been tested.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alcohol\u2010exposed children (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content>;<jats:italic> n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>34), children with attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>;<jats:italic> n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>23), and controls (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CON<\/jats:styled-content>;<jats:italic> n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>31) completed a flanker task with 4 reward conditions (no reward, reward, reward+occasional response cost, equal probability of reward+response cost). Inhibitory control was tested in the no reward conditions using a 3(group)\u00a0\u00d7\u00a02(flanker type) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ANCOVA<\/jats:styled-content>. Response to reinforcement was tested using 3(group)\u00a0\u00d7\u00a04(reward condition)\u00a0\u00d7\u00a04(flanker type) analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Response time (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>) and accuracy were tested independently.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Groups did not differ on demographic variables. The flanker task was successful in taxing interference control, an aspect of executive attention (i.e., responses to incongruent stimuli were slower than to congruent stimuli) and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content> group demonstrated impaired executive control over the other groups. Overall, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content> group had significantly slower RTs compared to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CON<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> groups, which did not differ. However, reinforcement improved <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content> in all groups. While occasional response cost had the greatest benefit in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CON<\/jats:styled-content> group, the type of reinforcement did not differentially affect the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> groups. Accuracy across reward conditions did not differ by group, but was dependent on flanker type and reward condition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alcohol\u2010exposed children, but not children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>, had impaired interference control in comparison with controls, supporting a differential neurobehavioral profile in these 2 groups. Both clinical groups were equally affected by introduction of reinforcement, although the type of reinforcement did not differentially affect performance as it did in the control group, suggesting that reward or response cost could be used interchangeably to result in the same benefit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,8]],"date-time":"2016-02-08T02:02:14Z","timestamp":1454896934000},"page":"348-358","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Influence of Extrinsic Reinforcement on Children with Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Diana M.","family":"Graham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Behavioral Teratology Department of Psychology San Diego State University San Diego California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Glass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Behavioral Teratology Department of Psychology San Diego State University San Diego California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah N.","family":"Mattson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Behavioral Teratology Department of Psychology San Diego State University San Diego California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"2001 University of Vermont Research Center for Children Youth & Families Burlington VT TM Achenbach LA Rescorla Manual for the ASEBA School\u2010Age Forms & Profiles"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858407299288"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.121.1.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2012.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2003.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940203500202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005455009154"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.1.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532694204Connor"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.125.6.627"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2007.0121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490270214"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"e17","article-title":"Reinforcement learning in children with FASD","volume":"18","author":"Engle JA","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"2002 Psychology Software Tools Inc. 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