{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T01:59:10Z","timestamp":1780451950722,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,3]],"date-time":"2016-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children exposed to alcohol prenatally may suffer from behavioral and cognitive alterations that adversely affect their quality of life. Animal studies have shown that perinatal supplementation with the nutrient choline can attenuate ethanol's adverse effects on development; however, it is not clear how late in development choline can be administered and still effectively reduce the consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure. Using a rodent model, this study examined whether choline supplementation is effective in mitigating alcohol's teratogenic effects when administered during adolescence\/young adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>prague\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>awley rats were exposed to alcohol (5.25\u00a0g\/kg\/d) during the third trimester equivalent brain growth spurt, which occurs from postnatal day (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>) 4 to 9, via oral intubation. Sham\u2010intubated and nontreated controls were included. Subjects were treated with 100\u00a0mg\/kg\/d choline chloride or vehicle from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content> 40 to 60, a period equivalent to young adulthood in the rat. After the choline treatment had ceased, subjects were tested on a series of behavioral tasks: open field activity (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content> 61 to 64), Morris water maze spatial learning (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content> 65 to 73), and spatial working memory (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content> 87 to 91).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ethanol\u2010exposed subjects were overactive in the activity chambers and impaired on both the spatial and the working memory versions of the Morris water maze. Choline treatment failed to attenuate alcohol\u2010related overactivity in the open field and deficits in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>orris water maze performance. In contrast, choline supplementation significantly mitigated alcohol\u2010related deficits in working memory, which may suggest that choline administration at this later developmental time affects functioning of the prefrontal cortex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results indicate that adolescent choline supplementation can attenuate some, but not all, of the behavioral deficits associated with early developmental alcohol exposure. The results of this study indicate that dietary intervention may reduce some fetal alcohol effects, even when administered later in life, findings with important implications for adolescents and young adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,3]],"date-time":"2016-04-03T22:27:20Z","timestamp":1459722440000},"page":"897-905","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Adolescent Choline Supplementation Attenuates Working Memory Deficits in Rats Exposed to Alcohol During the Third Trimester Equivalent"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Ronald D.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology (RDS, JDT) Center for Behavioral Teratology San Diego State University San Diego California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer D.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology (RDS, JDT) Center for Behavioral Teratology San Diego State University San Diego California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(95)98055-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12497"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1063(2000)10:1<94::AID-HIPO11>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187152412800792706"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.12.3.349"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2012.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.11.3614"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2971"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.11.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(79)90022-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","unstructured":"1998 National Academy Press Washington DC Food and Nutrition Board Institute of Medicine Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin B12 Pantothenic Acid Biotin and Choline"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2014.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RC195","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-01-j0005.2002","article-title":"Prenatal choline supplementation protects against postnatal neurotoxicity","volume":"22","author":"Guo\u2010Ross SX","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0516"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(01)00321-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2014.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.89"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2011.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03651.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3182905587"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2015.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(03)00069-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.07.007.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01784.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047499"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.08.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-011-9168-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200408000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2007.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.83905"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2009.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2003.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20713"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(00)00097-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.121.1.120"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20925"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.120.2.482"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den439"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20783"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2008.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2013.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RC109","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-22-j0006.2000","article-title":"Protective effects of prenatal choline supplementation on seizure\u2010induced memory impairment","volume":"20","author":"Yang Y","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111156"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2011.06.002"}],"container-title":["Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Facer.13021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.13021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T23:50:09Z","timestamp":1696463409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/acer.13021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/acer.13021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.13021","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-6008","1530-0277"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-6008","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0277","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}}}