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However, no studies have examined whether <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MLDA<\/jats:styled-content> during young adulthood is associated with mortality later in life. We examined whether individuals exposed to permissive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MLDA<\/jats:styled-content> (&lt;21) had higher risk of death from alcohol\u2010related chronic disease compared to those exposed to the 21 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MLDA<\/jats:styled-content>. Because prior work suggests that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MLDA<\/jats:styled-content> affects college students differently, we also conducted conditional analyses based on ever having attended college.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from the 1990 through 2010 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>ultiple Cause\u2010of\u2010Death files were combined with data on the living population and analyzed. We included individuals who turned 18 during the years 1967 to 1990, the period during which <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MLDA<\/jats:styled-content> varied across states. We examined records on death from several alcohol\u2010related chronic diseases, employing a quasi\u2010experimental approach to control for unobserved state characteristics and stable time trends.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals who reported any college attendance did not exhibit significant associations between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MLDA<\/jats:styled-content> and mortality for the causes of death we examined. However, permissive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MLDA<\/jats:styled-content> for those who never attended college was associated with 6% higher odds for death from alcoholic liver disease, 8% higher odds for other liver disease, and 7% higher odds for lip\/oral\/pharynx cancers (odds ratio [OR]\u00a0=\u00a01.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.02, 1.10]; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content><jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a01.08, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> [1.03, 1.13]; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content><jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a01.07, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> [1.03, 1.12], respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 21 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MLDA<\/jats:styled-content> likely protects against risk of death from alcohol\u2010related chronic disease across the lifespan, at least for those who did not attend college. This is consistent with other work that shows that the long\u2010term association between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MLDA<\/jats:styled-content> and alcohol\u2010related outcomes is specific to those who did not attend college.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,26]],"date-time":"2016-06-26T04:13:59Z","timestamp":1466914439000},"page":"1761-1768","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Impact of the Minimum Legal Drinking Age on Alcohol\u2010Related Chronic Disease Mortality"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Plunk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa J.","family":"Krauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Husham","family":"Syed\u2010Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Cavzos\u2010Rehg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Bierut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"},{"name":"Siteman Cancer Center Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Grucza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412993869"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvcm4j72"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0084.1987.mp49004006.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2991759"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355304772839588"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21903"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.57.6.611-618"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.6.1041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"ChristiansenM(2010)Pressure to raise age for drinking. 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