{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:00:53Z","timestamp":1788469253046,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,18]],"date-time":"2016-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA020805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA020805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2K05 16928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2K05 16928"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>To counteract the syndemics of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> and alcohol in Sub\u2010Saharan Africa, international collaborations have developed interventions to reduce alcohol consumption. Reliable and accurate methods are needed to estimate alcohol use outcomes. A direct alcohol biomarker called phosphatidylethanol (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PE<\/jats:styled-content>th) has been shown to validate heavy, daily drinking, but the literature indicates mixed results for moderate and nondaily drinkers, including among <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected populations. This study examined the associations of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PE<\/jats:styled-content>th biomarker with self\u2010report alcohol use at 2 time points in 127 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected outpatient drinkers in western Kenya.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were consecutively enrolled in a randomized clinical trial to test the efficacy of a behavioral intervention to reduce alcohol use in Eldoret, Kenya. They endorsed current alcohol use, and a minimum score of 3 on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test\u2010Consumption or consuming \u22656 drinks per occasion at least monthly in the past year. Study interviews and blood draws were conducted at baseline and at 3\u00a0months post treatment from July 2012 through September 2013. Alcohol use was assessed using the Timeline Followback questionnaire. Blood samples were analyzed for the presence of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PE<\/jats:styled-content>th biomarker and were compared to self\u2010reported alcohol use. We also conducted semistructured interviews with 14 study completers in February through March 2014.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Baseline data indicated an average of moderate\u2013heavy alcohol use: 50% drinking days and a median of 4.5 drinks per drinking day. At baseline, 46% of women (31 of 67) and 8% of men (5 of 60) tested negative for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PE<\/jats:styled-content>th (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). At the 3\u2010month follow\u2010up, 93% of women (25 of 27) and 97% of men (30 of 31) who reported drinking tested positive, while 70% of women (28 of 40) and 35% of men (10 of 29) who denied drinking tested negative for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PE<\/jats:styled-content>th. Interviews were consistent with self\u2010reported alcohol use among 13 individuals with negative baseline results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results add to the growing literature showing lack of agreement between self\u2010report and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PE<\/jats:styled-content>th results among unhealthy and nondaily drinkers, particularly women. More research is needed to determine at what level of consumption over what period of time <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PE<\/jats:styled-content>th becomes a reliable and accurate indicator of alcohol use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,18]],"date-time":"2016-07-18T06:25:16Z","timestamp":1468823116000},"page":"1779-1787","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Associations Between the Phosphatidylethanol Alcohol Biomarker and Self\u2010Reported Alcohol Use in a Sample of <scp>HIV<\/scp>\u2010Infected Outpatient Drinkers in Western Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Rebecca K.","family":"Papas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benson N.","family":"Gakinya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of 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