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Trauma exposures (e.g., sexual abuse [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SA<\/jats:styled-content>], physical abuse [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PA<\/jats:styled-content>], witnessing another person being killed or injured, experiencing an accident, and experiencing a disaster) were modeled as time\u2010varying predictors of alcohol initiation, transition to first alcohol use disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUD<\/jats:styled-content>) symptom, and transition to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUD<\/jats:styled-content> diagnosis using Cox proportional hazards regression while taking into account other substance involvement, parental characteristics, and commonly co\u2010occurring psychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EA<\/jats:styled-content> women only, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SA<\/jats:styled-content> was associated with alcohol initiation prior to the age of 14, PA predicted transition from initiation to first <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUD<\/jats:styled-content> symptom, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PA<\/jats:styled-content>, witnessing injury or death, and SA predicted transition to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUD<\/jats:styled-content> diagnosis. No association was discovered between trauma exposures or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> for any stage of alcohol involvement in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content> women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results reveal trauma experiences as important contributors to all stages of alcohol involvement in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EA<\/jats:styled-content> women only, with different trauma types conferring risk for each stage of alcohol involvement. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> was not revealed as a significant predictor of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUD<\/jats:styled-content> in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EA<\/jats:styled-content> or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content> women, suggesting trauma, independent of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content>, directly contributes to alcohol involvement. Findings highlight the importance of considering racial differences when developing etiologic models of the association of traumatic experiences with alcohol involvement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]],"date-time":"2016-09-22T21:02:56Z","timestamp":1474578176000},"page":"2401-2408","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Association of Specific Traumatic Experiences With Alcohol Initiation and Transitions to Problem Use in European American and African American Women"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Kimberly B.","family":"Werner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"George Warren Brown School of Social Work Washington University St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn E.","family":"Sartor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Center Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivia V.","family":"McCutcheon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Center Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia D.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Center Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elliot C.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Center Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Center Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3794-0736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen K.","family":"Bucholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Center Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"1994 American Psychiatric Association Washington DC American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria from DSM\u2010IV"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2008.69.660"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Gender differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"5","author":"Breslau N","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Gend Specif Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.149"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp060647"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality(2015)Behavioral health trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 15\u20104927 NSDUH Series H\u201050). 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