{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T11:20:34Z","timestamp":1778584834378,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,26]],"date-time":"2016-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The classification of alcohol use disorder has changed over the past century. Now, the conceptualization of alcohol dependence is still controversial. Accumulating evidence has shown the reliability and validity for the diagnosis of alcohol dependence in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICD<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content>. However, the meaning and association of the respective diagnostic items, which are descriptive of representative symptoms, have hardly been examined. The core symptom of substance use disorder has been debated in various situations, but has never been elucidated logically.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We consecutively registered 192 patients with alcohol\u2010related problems who visited our hospital for the first time during a certain period. The relations and principal components among the checked items of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICD<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 diagnostic criteria were examined statistically.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three diagnostic items in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICD<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 were strongly correlated with each other and were thought to form the core symptoms of alcohol dependence: \u201cstrong desire,\u201d \u201cdifficulties in controlling,\u201d and \u201cneglect of pleasures.\u201d One major physical phenomenon, \u201cwithdrawal,\u201d seemed to complement the core symptoms in the diagnosis of alcohol dependence. Another physical phenomenon, \u201ctolerance,\u201d was demonstrated to be a relatively independent item. The principal component analysis also demonstrated that the diagnostic item \u201cdifficulties in controlling\u201d had the maximum component loading value, followed by 2 items, \u201cneglect of pleasures\u201d and \u201cstrong desire.\u201d<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The core symptomatic elements in the diagnosis of alcohol dependence were statistically suggested in this study. Knowledge of the relations and components among the diagnostic items of alcohol dependence might also be applicable to other forms of substance use dependence and behavioral addiction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,26]],"date-time":"2016-09-26T12:38:52Z","timestamp":1474893532000},"page":"2409-2417","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Exploration of Core Symptoms for the Diagnosis of Alcohol Dependence in the ICD\u201010"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center Yokosuka Kanagawa Japan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Sendai Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasunobu","family":"Komoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital 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