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Maturational events are sensitive to environmental factors, including alcohol, which is known to delay reproductive development. We hypothesized that, similar to alcohol's adverse effects during reproductive maturation, prenatal alcohol exposure (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content>) would alter pubertal markers, sex hormone profiles, and kisspeptin expression in the hypothalamus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Female offspring from control (C), pair\u2010fed (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PF<\/jats:styled-content>), and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content> groups were sacrificed prior to puberty onset (postnatal day [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PND<\/jats:styled-content>] 30), during puberty [PND 35], or in adulthood [PND 65]. Estradiol (E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), progesterone (P<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>), prolactin, and luteinizing hormone levels, and Kiss1 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression were measured in the arcuate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARC<\/jats:styled-content>) and anteroventral periventricular (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AVPV<\/jats:styled-content>) nuclei of the hypothalamus. Pubertal markers (vaginal opening [VO], uterus\/body wt ratio) were assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate that (i) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content> inhibits the expected increases in E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> levels with age and delays maturational increases of P<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> levels; (ii) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content> and pair feeding have similar adverse effects on VO and uterus\/body wt ratio; (iii) differential relationships between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRL<\/jats:styled-content> and P<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> suggest that different mechanisms may underlie delayed maturation in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PF<\/jats:styled-content>; that is, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PF<\/jats:styled-content> females have low <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRL<\/jats:styled-content> levels and no increase in P<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> with age, whereas <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content> animals, despite low <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRL<\/jats:styled-content>, show the expected age\u2010related increase in P<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>; and (iv) there is higher mean density of Kiss1 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARC<\/jats:styled-content> of adult <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content> females and altered Kiss1 expression in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AVPV<\/jats:styled-content> of both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PF<\/jats:styled-content> females.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content> and pair feeding have some overlapping but important differential effects on hormonal profiles and Kiss1 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression during reproductive development. Preadolescent alterations in Kiss1 expression in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AVPV<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARC<\/jats:styled-content>, which may change the balance of function in these 2 nuclei, may differentially contribute to delayed reproductive maturation in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PF<\/jats:styled-content> compared to C females.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,2]],"date-time":"2016-10-02T00:13:42Z","timestamp":1475367222000},"page":"2368-2376","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Pair Feeding Differentially Impact Puberty and Reproductive Development in Female Rats: Role of the Kisspeptin System"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Joanna 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