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The aim of this study was to explore the associations between alcohol\u2010induced liver injury, endotoxemia, and inflammation at admission and over time during abstinence, as well as to examine the sex\u2010related differences in these parameters in alcohol\u2010dependent individuals admitted to an alcohol treatment program.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cohort of 48 otherwise healthy participants with alcohol use disorder, but no clinical signs of alcoholic liver injury (34 males [M]\/14 females [F]) admitted to an alcohol detoxification program, was stratified into 2 groups based on baseline plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (as a marker of liver injury). Group 1 (ALT\u00a0&lt;\u00a040\u00a0U\/l, 7M\/8F) and Group 2 (ALT\u00a0\u2265\u00a040\u00a0U\/l, 27M\/6F) were identified. Plasma biomarkers of liver damage, endotoxemia, and inflammation were examined at baseline, day 8, and day 15 of the admission. The drinking history was also evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty\u2010nine percent of patients had elevated ALT and other markers of liver damage, including aspartate aminotransferase and cytokeratin 18 (CK18\u00a0M65 and CK M30) at baseline, indicating the presence of mild ALD. Elevated CK18\u00a0M65:M30 ratio suggested a greater contribution of necrotic rather than apoptotic hepatocyte cell death in the liver injury observed in these individuals. Females showed greater elevations of liver injury markers compared to males, although they had fewer drinks per day and shorter lifetime duration of heavy drinking. Liver injury was associated with systemic inflammation, specifically, elevated plasma tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha levels. Compared to patients without liver injury, patients with mild ALD had greater endotoxemia (increased serum lipopolysaccharide levels), which decreased with abstinence and this decrease preceded the drop in CK18\u00a0M65 levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study documented the association of mild alcohol\u2010induced liver injury and endotoxemia, which improved with 2\u00a0weeks of abstinence, in a subset of individuals admitted to an alcohol detoxification program.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]],"date-time":"2017-02-06T14:02:55Z","timestamp":1486389775000},"page":"747-757","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Liver Injury and Endotoxemia in Male and Female Alcohol\u2010Dependent Individuals Admitted to an Alcohol Treatment Program"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Irina A.","family":"Kirpich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Department of Medicine University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville Kentucky"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville Kentucky"},{"name":"Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center Louisville Kentucky"},{"name":"University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center University of Louisville Louisville Kentucky"},{"name":"University of Louisville Hepatobiology &amp; Toxicology Program University of Louisville Louisville Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig J.","family":"McClain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Department of Medicine University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville Kentucky"},{"name":"Department of 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