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Tissue segmentation of the newborn brain is challenging because analysis techniques developed for the adult brain are not directly transferable, and segmentation for cerebral morphometry is difficult in neonates, due to the latter's incomplete myelination. This study is the first to use volumetric structural <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content> to investigate PAE effects in newborns using manual tracing and to examine the cross\u2010sectional area of the corpus callosum (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CC<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010three nonsedated infants born to 32 Cape Coloured heavy drinkers and 11 controls recruited prospectively during pregnancy were scanned using a custom\u2010designed birdcage coil for infants, which increases signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio almost 2\u2010fold compared to the standard head coil. Alcohol use was ascertained prospectively during pregnancy, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders diagnosis was conducted by expert dysmorphologists. Data were acquired using a multi\u2010echo <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FLASH<\/jats:styled-content> protocol adapted for newborns, and a knowledge\u2010based procedure was used to hand\u2010segment the neonatal brains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CC<\/jats:styled-content> was disproportionately smaller in alcohol\u2010exposed neonates than controls after controlling for intracranial volume. By contrast, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CC<\/jats:styled-content> area was unrelated to infant sex, gestational age, age at scan, or maternal smoking, marijuana, or methamphetamine use during pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Given that midline craniofacial anomalies have been recognized as a hallmark of fetal alcohol syndrome in humans and animal models since this syndrome was first identified, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CC<\/jats:styled-content> deficit identified here in newborns may support early identification of a range of midline structural impairments. Smaller <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CC<\/jats:styled-content> during the newborn period may provide an early indicator of fetal alcohol\u2010related cognitive deficits that have been linked to this critically important brain structure in childhood and adolescence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T07:56:22Z","timestamp":1488354982000},"page":"965-975","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure is Related to Smaller Corpus Callosum in Newborn <scp>MRI<\/scp> Scans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9768-2671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra W.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences  Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan"},{"name":"Department of Human Biology  Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health  Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences  Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan"},{"name":"Department of Human Biology  Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health  Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Molteno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health  Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.R.","family":"Warton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology  Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Wintermark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montreal Children's Hospital  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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