{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T15:31:03Z","timestamp":1759937463979,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,10]],"date-time":"2017-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P60AA011998","T32AA013526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P60AA011998","T32AA013526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A functional polymorphism within the <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\u2010opioid receptor (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPRM<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic>) gene, rs1799971 (A118G), previously has been associated with measures of alcohol use and sensitivity to its effects, but findings have been inconclusive. A recent study suggested that a second nearby variant within <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPRM<\/jats:styled-content>1,<\/jats:italic> rs3778150, is robustly associated with heroin dependence and fully explained a smaller observed association with rs1799971. Given evidence that the rs3778150\u2010C allele is associated with decreased <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPRM<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic> expression levels in the human brain, the current study sought to test the hypothesis that rs3778150 represents a causal variant within <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPRM<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic> that increases risk for a variety of alcohol use phenotypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants with genotype and phenotype data from a larger experimental study (<jats:italic>N\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>152) were assessed on measures of subjective response to alcohol and alcohol use. Measures included (i) the Self\u2010Rating of the Effects of Alcohol and the Alcohol Sensitivity Questionnaire, (ii) the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BAES<\/jats:styled-content>) and ratings of subjective intoxication, and (iii) average number of drinks per week in the past month.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to rs3778150\u2010T homozygous individuals, carriers of the rs3778150\u2010C allele exhibited significantly lower retrospective self\u2010report levels of alcohol sensitivity. Carriers of the rs3778150\u2010C allele also exhibited lower levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BAES<\/jats:styled-content> alcohol\u2010related stimulation during an alcohol challenge and reported higher levels of drinking in the last 30\u00a0days. With the exception of lower levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BAES<\/jats:styled-content> alcohol\u2010related sedation, the rs1799971 variant did not show consistent significant association with any of the alcohol phenotypes in the presence of rs3778150.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results suggest that rs3778150 may be causally related to alcohol use phenotypes, and could potentially account for previously observed associations of rs1799971 with substance use phenotypes. Future studies may investigate potential causal relations among genetic variants in <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPRM<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic>, subjective response to alcohol, and drinking phenotypes to further delineate the effects of rs3778150.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]],"date-time":"2017-03-08T18:22:42Z","timestamp":1488997362000},"page":"929-938","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A cis\u2010<scp>eQTL<\/scp> in <i><scp>OPRM<\/scp>1<\/i> is Associated with Subjective Response to Alcohol and Alcohol Use"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4583-2076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline M.","family":"Otto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences University of Missouri Columbia 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