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Surface curvature\u2010based delineations of facial form were introduced.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(i) Facial growth in FAS, HE, and control subgroups is similar in both cohorts. (ii) Cohort consistency of agreement between clinical diagnosis and HC\u2010FAS facial form classification is lower for midline facial regions and higher for nonmidline regions. (iii) Specific HC\u2010FAS differences within and between the cohorts include: for HC, a smoother philtrum in Cape Coloured individuals; for FAS, a smoother philtrum in Caucasians; for control\u2010FAS philtrum difference, greater homogeneity in Caucasians; for control\u2010FAS face difference, greater homogeneity in Cape Coloured individuals. (iv) Curvature changes in facial profile induced by prenatal alcohol exposure are more homogeneous and greater in Cape Coloureds than in Caucasians. (v) The Caucasian HE subset divides into clusters with control\u2010like and FAS\u2010like facial dysmorphism. The Cape Coloured HE subset is similarly divided for nonmidline facial regions but not clearly for midline structures. (vi) The Cape Coloured HE subset with control\u2010like facial dysmorphism shows orbital hypertelorism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Facial curvature assists the recognition of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and helps explain why different facial regions result in inconsistent control\u2010FAS discrimination rates in disparate ethnic groups. Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure can give rise to orbital hypertelorism, supporting a long\u2010standing suggestion that prenatal alcohol exposure at a particular time causes increased separation of the brain hemispheres with a concomitant increase in orbital separation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,13]],"date-time":"2017-06-13T09:13:06Z","timestamp":1497345186000},"page":"1471-1483","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Facial Curvature Detects and Explicates Ethnic Differences in Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Suttie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology  University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom"},{"name":"Big Data Institute  University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Wetherill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics  Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9768-2671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra W.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences  Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan"},{"name":"Departments of Human Biology and of Psychiatry and Mental Health  University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences  Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan"},{"name":"Departments of Human Biology and of Psychiatry and Mental Health  University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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