{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:12:38Z","timestamp":1790871158368,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]],"date-time":"2018-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003621","name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2011\u20100030001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011\u20100030001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our aim was to validate alcohol flushing questionnaires in detecting inactive <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALDH<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALDH<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic>*1\/*2 or <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALDH<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic>*2\/*2).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two study sets were established; in study set 1, 210 healthy male subjects (age 22 to 59\u00a0years) were enrolled; in study set 2, 756 subjects were enrolled who received esophagogastroduodenoscopy to evaluate their dyspeptic symptoms or as part of a gastric cancer screening program. Subjects in study sets 1 and 2 completed the modified alcohol flushing questionnaires of Yokoyama and colleagues (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#acer13569-bib-0040\"\/>, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#acer13569-bib-0041\"\/>). Polymerase chain reaction\u2013restriction fragment length polymorphism method was used to determine <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALDH<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic> genotype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In study set 1, 29.0% (61 of 210) had inactive <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALDH<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic>. The sensitivity and specificity of the modified alcohol flushing questionnaire for detecting inactive <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALDH<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic> were 95.1 and 76.5%, respectively. Drinking problems negatively correlated with positive alcohol flushing response and inactive <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALDH<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic> (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010values\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). In study set 2, the sensitivity and specificity of the alcohol flushing questionnaire for detecting inactive <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALDH<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic> were 78.9 and 82.1%, respectively. Interestingly, drinking \u22657\u00a0units\/wk in men or \u22653.5\u00a0units\/wk in women significantly increased the risk of benign gastric ulcer (BGU) among positive alcohol flushers (odds ratio, 8.97; 95% confidence interval, 1.38 to 58.30), but not among negative alcohol flushers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Simple flushing questionnaires may be administered to the Korean population as a screening tool in detecting individuals who carry inactive <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALDH<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic>. Alcohol flushing response negatively correlates with drinking problems and can modify the risk for BGU by alcohol intake.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,5]],"date-time":"2017-12-05T11:56:21Z","timestamp":1512474981000},"page":"387-396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Validation of Alcohol Flushing Questionnaires in Determining Inactive <i>Aldehyde Dehydrogenase\u20102<\/i> and Its Clinical Implication in Alcohol\u2010Related Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Cheol Min","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seoungnam Gyeonggi\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9397-0406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seoungnam Gyeonggi\u2010do Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung\u2010Il","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment Seoul National University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joohon","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment Seoul National University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee\u2010Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Incheon Research Institute of Public Health and Environment  Incheon Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(07)70099-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"2001 World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland TF Babor JC Higgins\u2010Biddle JB Saunders MG Monteiro World Health Organization AUDIT\u2014The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary 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