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American Indians also predominantly reside in poor and rural areas, which may explain some observed health disparities. We investigated whether geographic areas including reservations or large American Indian populations exhibited greater incidence of alcohol\u2010 and drug\u2010related hospitalizations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We obtained inpatient hospitalization records for 2 Northern Plain states (Nebraska and South Dakota) for the years 2007 to 2012. We constructed zip code counts for 10 categories of hospitalization with diagnoses or injury causation commonly associated with alcohol or drug use. We related these to community sociodemographic characteristics using Bayesian Poisson space\u2013time regression models and examined associations with and without controls for whether each zip code was located within an American Indian reservation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Controlling for other demographic and economic characteristics, zip codes with greater percentage of American Indians exhibited greater incidence for all 10 substance abuse\u2010related health outcomes (9 of 10 well supported); zip code areas within American Indian reservations had greater incidence of self\u2010inflicted injury and drug dependence and abuse, and reduced incidence of alcohol cirrhosis and prescription opioid poisoning. However, the analyses generally demonstrated no well\u2010supported differences in incidence associated with local residence percentages of American Indian versus African American.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our analyses, ethnicity or heredity alone did not account for alcohol\u2010 and drug\u2010related hospitalizations among Native populations. Aspects of social, economic, and political dimensions of Native lives must be considered in the etiology of alcohol\u2010 and drug\u2010related problems for rural\u2010dwelling indigenous peoples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,30]],"date-time":"2018-01-30T17:06:15Z","timestamp":1517331975000},"page":"578-588","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Spatial Epidemiology of Alcohol\u2010 and Drug\u2010Related Health Problems Among Northern Plains American Indians: Nebraska and South Dakota, 2007 to 2012"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6786-9718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William R.","family":"Ponicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevention Research Center Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation Oakland California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Black Hills Center for American Indian Health Rapid City South Dakota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Gaidus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevention Research Center Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation Oakland California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Gruenewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevention Research Center Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation Oakland California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliet P.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevention Research Center Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation Oakland California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1072-2755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland S.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevention Research Center Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation Oakland California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharice","family":"Davids","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Plains Local Community Development Corporation Porcupine South Dakota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Tilsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Plains Local Community Development Corporation Porcupine South Dakota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality(2007\u20132012)HCUP State Inpatient Databases (SID). 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