{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:42:13Z","timestamp":1791855733710,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]],"date-time":"2018-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30DK056350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK056350"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK115380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK115380"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AA020516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AA020516"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA016781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA016781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AA020332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AA020332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recently demonstrated the acceptability and feasibility of a randomized, double\u2010blind choline supplementation intervention for heavy drinking women during pregnancy. In this study, we report our results relating to the efficacy of this intervention in mitigating adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on infant growth and cognitive function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty\u2010nine Cape Coloured (mixed ancestry) heavy drinkers in Cape Town, South Africa, recruited in mid\u2010pregnancy, were randomly assigned to receive a daily oral dose of either 2\u00a0g of choline or placebo from time of enrollment until delivery. Each dose consisted of an individually wrapped packet of powder that, when mixed with water, produced a sweet tasting grape\u2010flavored drink. The primary outcome, eyeblink conditioning (EBC), was assessed at 6.5\u00a0months. Somatic growth was measured at birth, 6.5, and 12\u00a0months, recognition memory and processing speed on the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence, at 6.5 and 12\u00a0months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infants born to choline\u2010treated mothers were more likely to meet criterion for conditioning on EBC than the placebo group. Moreover, within the choline arm, degree of maternal adherence to the supplementation protocol strongly predicted EBC performance. Both groups were small at birth, but choline\u2010treated infants showed considerable catch\u2010up growth in weight and head circumference at 6.5 and 12\u00a0months. At 12\u00a0months, the infants in the choline treatment arm had higher novelty preference scores, indicating better visual recognition memory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This exploratory study is the first to provide evidence that a high dose of choline administered early in pregnancy can mitigate adverse effects of heavy PAE on EBC, postnatal growth, and cognition in human infants. These findings are consistent with studies of alcohol\u2010exposed animals that have demonstrated beneficial effects of choline supplementation on classical conditioning, learning, and memory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,11]],"date-time":"2018-05-11T09:15:50Z","timestamp":1526030150000},"page":"1327-1341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Efficacy of Maternal Choline Supplementation During Pregnancy in Mitigating Adverse Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Growth and Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double\u2010Blind, Placebo\u2010Controlled Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9768-2671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra W.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan"},{"name":"Department of Human Biology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1554-6914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Colin","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York New York New York"},{"name":"Institute for Human Nutrition Columbia University Medical Center New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6688-2614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Molteno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3672-4484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark E.","family":"Stanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Delaware Newark Delaware"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8762-4531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane S.","family":"Herbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Wollongong New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4148-2643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine M.","family":"Lindinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5056-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine E.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5666-3060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil C.","family":"Dodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1979-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. Eugene","family":"Hoyme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Sanford School of Medicine University of South Dakota Sioux Falls South Dakota"},{"name":"College of Medicine University of Arizona Tucson Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9282-161X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven H.","family":"Zeisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Institute University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Kannapolis North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0781-3632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernesta M.","family":"Meintjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"MRC\/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8083-8193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Duggan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Center for Nutrition Boston Children's Hospital\/Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8271-280X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan"},{"name":"Department of Human Biology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/35.4.400"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"249","volume-title":"Cognitive Development in Infancy","author":"Bornstein MH","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0775"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01810.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01940.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13504"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw273"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"ChesterDN GoldmanJD AhujaJK MoshfeghAJ(2011)Dietary Intakes of Choline. What We Eat in America NHANES 2007\u20102008. Available at:https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/ARSUserFiles\/80400530\/pdf\/dbrief\/9_choline_intakes_0708.pdf. Accessed May 30 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70275-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-015-1779-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01603.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-5734com"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02459.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265040251S103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Infant recognition memory as a measure of intelligence","volume":"2","author":"Fagan JF","year":"1983","journal-title":"Adv Inf Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22785"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM\u2010IV\u2010TR Axis I Disorders","author":"First MB","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.11.2851","article-title":"Choline distribution and metabolism in pregnant rats and fetuses are influenced by the choline content of the maternal diet","volume":"125","author":"Garner SC","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0043-31442005000600002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03561-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00808.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.117.6.1196"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Four factor index of social status","volume":"8","author":"Hollingshead AB","year":"2011","journal-title":"Yale J Sociol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0259"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2016.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","volume-title":"Series Dietary Reference Intakes","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00097"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.2001.4027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00020.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00744.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81371-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","article-title":"Feasibility and acceptability of maternal choline supplementation in heavy drinking pregnant women: a randomized, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled clinical trial","author":"Jacobson SW","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.5.815"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000145691.81233.FA"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1993.tb04208.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-011-9169-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01341.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00585.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91092-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000117837.66107.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2015.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2004.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12671"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70099-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02617.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.21896"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.103.6.1234"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1991.tb05189.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.142075"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01784.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","first-page":"S82","article-title":"Energy requirements of pregnant and lactating women","volume":"50","author":"Prentice AM","year":"1996","journal-title":"Euro J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-8227com"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh187"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.107.2.271"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03649.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1980.tb05630.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1990.tb01224.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702-0323006-04"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2009.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.121.1.120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2003.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(00)00097-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20925"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-009-1346-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.120.2.482"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2013.846806"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.15-282426"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","unstructured":"2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston MA DS Woodruff\u2010Pak JE Steinmetz Eyeblink Classical Conditioning: Volumes I\u2014Applications in Humans and II\u2014Applications in Animals"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.099168"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2013.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-011-8165-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00202.x"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15297","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000}}],"container-title":["Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Facer.13769","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.13769","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T09:01:35Z","timestamp":1751619695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/acer.13769"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/acer.13769"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.13769","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-6008","1530-0277"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-6008","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0277","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-02-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-05-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-06-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}