{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:19:24Z","timestamp":1780402764205,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01AA025670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01AA025670"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA010107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA010107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The noradrenergic system has been implicated in alcohol use disorder (AUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with adrenergic agents reducing drinking in individuals with AUD and improving sleep disturbances in individuals with PTSD. In a recent clinical trial, prazosin, an \u03b11\u2010adrenergic antagonist, was not superior to placebo in reducing PTSD symptoms, sleep problems, or alcohol consumption in a comorbid population; however, patients in both treatment conditions improved in all symptom domains over the course of treatment. It remains unknown whether alcohol abstinence is related to changes in PTSD symptoms and medication effects in individuals with this comorbidity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Veterans with comorbid alcohol dependence and PTSD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a096) were randomized to prazosin (16\u00a0mg) or placebo in a 12\u2010week outpatient, double\u2010blind clinical trial. In this secondary data analysis, we examined main effects of alcohol abstainer status (abstainer vs. nonabstainer), treatment, and their interaction on changes in PTSD symptoms over time using linear mixed models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a main effect of alcohol abstainer status on symptoms of PTSD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.03), such that nonabstainers had lower total Clinician\u2010Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) scores than abstainers. There was a significant treatment by alcohol abstainer status interaction (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.01); specifically, among placebo\u2010treated individuals, those who did not abstain from alcohol had lower total CAPS scores compared to alcohol abstainers. Within the prazosin\u2010treated group, abstainers and nonabstainers did not differ on total CAPS scores. Results were similar for the avoidance (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.02), reexperiencing (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.01), and hyperarousal (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.04) subscales, such that placebo\u2010treated nonabstainers had lower CAPS scores overall.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, prazosin treatment was not significantly related to changes in PTSD symptoms over the course of the 12\u2010week clinical trial in a comorbid population. Interestingly, placebo\u2010treated alcohol nonabstainers had a significant reduction in PTSD symptoms. Whether placebo\u2010treated individuals continued to use alcohol because of ongoing symptoms of PTSD is not known.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T17:01:13Z","timestamp":1548867673000},"page":"741-746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Alcohol Abstainer Status and Prazosin Treatment in Association with Changes in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Veterans with Comorbid Alcohol Use Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2531-6656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terril L.","family":"Verplaetse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Ralevski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6817-884X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralitza","family":"Gueorguieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry A.","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismene L.","family":"Petrakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"1994 American Psychiatric Association Washington DC American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.1.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490080106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"1996 Biometrics Research Department New York State Psychiatric Institute New York M First M Gibbon R Spitzer J Williams User's Guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM\u2010IV Axis I Disorders\u2014Research Version"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01628.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12116"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12789"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12148"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4273-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0584"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13591"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"The self\u2010medication hypothesis revisited: the dually diagnosed patient","volume":"10","author":"Khantzian EJ","year":"2003","journal-title":"Primary Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2178-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"SAFTEE: a technique for the systematic assessment of side effects in clinical trials","volume":"22","author":"Levine J","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11539710-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.04.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988703256050"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12926"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","unstructured":"PettinatiHM WeissRD MillerWR DonovanD ErnstDB RounsavilleBJ(2004)Medical Management Treatment Manual: A Clinical Research Guide for Medically Trained Clinicians Providing Pharmacotherapy as Part of the Treatment for Alcohol Dependence. COMBINE Monograph Series Vol 2. DHHS publication (NIH) 04\u20135289.National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Bethesda MD."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v61n0208"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1507598"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.2.371"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12081133"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v63n0705"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2008.00829.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12441"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12703"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2008.00807.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035193"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.230"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0357-5_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-3896-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01653.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000413"}],"container-title":["Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Facer.13969","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.13969","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/acer.13969","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.13969","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T18:48:24Z","timestamp":1694371704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/acer.13969"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/acer.13969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.13969","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-6008","1530-0277"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-6008","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0277","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-08-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-01-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}