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Some animal models of PAE<\/jats:styled-content> have demonstrated myelination deficiencies, but myelin levels have not yet been evaluated in individuals with PAE<\/jats:styled-content>. Multiecho T2<\/jats:sub> MRI<\/jats:styled-content> offers a quantitative method to estimate myelin water fraction (MWF<\/jats:styled-content>; related to myelin content) noninvasively, which was used here to evaluate brain myelination in children with PAE<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Participants with PAE<\/jats:styled-content> (n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>10, 6 females, mean age 13.9\u00a0years, range 7 to 18\u00a0years) and controls (n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>14, 11 females, mean age 13.2\u00a0years, range 9 to 16\u00a0years) underwent 3T MRI<\/jats:styled-content> of the brain. T2<\/jats:sub> images (15\u00a0minutes acquisition for 32 echoes) were used to create MWF<\/jats:styled-content> maps from which mean MWF<\/jats:styled-content> was measured in 12 regions of interest (ROI<\/jats:styled-content>s) including 8 in white matter and 4 in deep gray matter.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>As expected, across the combined sample, MWF<\/jats:styled-content> was highest for major white matter tracts such as the internal capsule and genu\/splenium of the corpus callosum (10 to 18%) while the caudate and putamen had MWF<\/jats:styled-content> less than 5%. Mean MWF<\/jats:styled-content> was similar across 11\/12 brain white and gray matter regions for the PAE<\/jats:styled-content> and control groups (L\/R internal capsule, major forceps, putamen, caudate nucleus, L minor forceps, genu and splenium of corpus callosum). In the PAE<\/jats:styled-content> group, MWF<\/jats:styled-content> was positively correlated with age in the genu of corpus callosum and right minor forceps, notably 2 frontal tracts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Given comparable MRI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010derived myelination fraction measures in PAE<\/jats:styled-content> relative to controls, white matter alterations shown in other imaging studies, such as diffusion tensor imaging, may reflect microstructural anomalies related to axon caliber and density.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]],"date-time":"2019-03-20T03:58:08Z","timestamp":1553054288000},"page":"833-841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Myelin Water Fraction Imaging of the Brain in Children with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4569-7529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlyn","family":"McLachlan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Vavasour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"MacKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Brain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Oberlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Loock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James N.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences Queens University Kingston ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Beaulieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"August B. 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