{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:56:41Z","timestamp":1787061401194,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21DA044744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DA044744"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AA025689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AA025689"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although the risks of using central nervous system depressant (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010D) medications with alcohol are well documented, little is known about trends in prescribed use of these medications among individuals who regularly consume alcohol (i.e., trends in \u201cconcurrent use\u201d). We examined changes in the prevalence of prescribed\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010D medications among individuals who drank alcohol on 52 or more occasions in the past year (\u201cregular drinking\u201d).\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010D medications included sedative\u2010hypnotics (subclassified as anxiolytics or sleep medications) and opioids.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used 8 cross\u2010sectional cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999\u20132000 to 2013\u20132014) from participants aged 20 and older (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a037,709). We used log\u2010binomial regression to examine (i) prevalence trends of prescribed\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010D medication use, (ii) trend differences by drinking status, and (iii) correlates of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010D medication use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among those who drink regularly, the relative annual increase in prevalence of sedative\u2010hypnotic use was 5.3% (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 2.7 to 7.9): Anxiolytic and sleep medication use increased annually by 3.7% (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 0.8 to 6.7) and 11.2% (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 6.5 to 16.0), respectively. Opioid use trends among those who drink regularly were not statistically significant but were nonlinear. Differences in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010D medication trends between those who drink regularly and those who drink infrequently\/abstain were not statistically significant. Those who drink regularly were less likely than those who drink infrequently\/abstain to use opioids (adjusted relative risk [\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ]: 0.69, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 0.60 to 0.78) and anxiolytics (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 0.71, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 0.61 to 0.81), but not sleep medications (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 1.04, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 0.80 to 1.35). Those aged 40 and older were 2 to 5 times as likely as those aged 20 to 29 to use sedative\u2010hypnotics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among those who drink regularly, the prevalence of prescribed sedative\u2010hypnotic use increased and prescribed opioid use remained common. These trends indicate that a substantial portion of the population is at risk of alcohol\u2010related adverse drug reactions\u2014particularly those aged 40 and older.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T10:04:31Z","timestamp":1559037871000},"page":"1510-1518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Trends in Prescribed Central Nervous System Depressant Medications Among Adults Who Regularly Consume Alcohol: United States 1999 to 2014"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7112-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob T.","family":"Borodovsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa J.","family":"Krauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingying","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Bierut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Grucza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3410"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12633"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"2013 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US) Rockville MD DM Bush Emergency Department Visits Attributed to Overmedication That Involved the Insomnia Medication Zolpidem. 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