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Yet, early detection of altered <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NDB<\/jats:styled-content> due to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content> continues to present a major clinical challenge. Identification of altered <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NDB<\/jats:styled-content> in the first 2\u00a0years of life, before higher\u2010order cognitive processes develop, invites early interventions for affected children to improve long\u2010term outcomes. Studies published in English from January of 1980 to July of 2018 were identified in PubMed\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MEDLINE<\/jats:styled-content>. The review focused on prospective birth cohort studies which used standardized <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NDB<\/jats:styled-content> assessments in children up to 2\u00a0years of age, wherein <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content> was the main exposure and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NDB<\/jats:styled-content> was the main outcome. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NDB<\/jats:styled-content> was categorized into the domains of neurocognitive, adaptive, and self\u2010regulation based on the 2016 Updated Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosing fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. An initial search resulted in 1,867 articles for which we reviewed abstracts; 114 were selected for full\u2010text review; and 3 additional abstracts were identified through review of references in eligible publications. Thirty\u2010one publications met criteria and were included: of these, 24 reported neurocognitive outcomes, 24 reported adaptive behavior outcomes, and 12 reported outcomes in the domain of self\u2010regulation. Although self\u2010regulation was assessed in the fewest number of studies, 8\/12 (75%) reported <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010associated deficits. In contrast, results were mixed for the other 2 domains: 13\/24 (54%) of the selected studies that included neurocognitive outcomes showed poorer performance following <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content>, and 8\/24 (33%) studies that assessed adaptive functioning found significant differences between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content> and comparison infants. There is considerable evidence to support the value of early\u2010life assessments of infant <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NDB<\/jats:styled-content> when <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content> is known or suspected. More studies focusing on infant self\u2010regulation, in particular, are needed to determine the utility of early evaluation of this critical developmental domain in infants with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAE<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T18:39:58Z","timestamp":1560796798000},"page":"1632-1642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Forty Years of Assessing Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure in Infants: What Have We Learned?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Garrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences Substance Use Research and Education Center University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy Albuquerque New 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