{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:14:53Z","timestamp":1789085693259,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]],"date-time":"2019-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AA025387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA025387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AA023417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA023417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alcohol intake increases the risk of developing colon cancer. Circadian disruption promotes alcohol's effect on colon carcinogenesis through unknown mechanisms. Alcohol's metabolites induce DNA damage, an early step in carcinogenesis. We assessed the effect of time of alcohol consumption on markers of tissue damage in the colonic epithelium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mice were treated by alcohol or phosphate\u2010buffered saline (PBS), at 4\u2010hour intervals for 3\u00a0days, and their colons were analyzed for (i) proliferation (Ki67) and antiapoptosis (Bcl\u20102) markers, (ii) DNA damage (\u03b3\u2010H2AX), and (iii) the major acetaldehyde (AcH)\u2013DNA adduct, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2010ethylidene\u2010dG. To model circadian disruption, mice were shifted once weekly for 12\u2009h and then were sacrificed at 4\u2010hour intervals. Samples of mice with a dysfunctional molecular clock were analyzed. The dynamics of DNA damage repair from AcH treatment as well as role of xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group A (XPA) in their repair were studied in vitro.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Proliferation and survival of colonic epithelium have daily rhythmicity. Alcohol induced colonic epithelium proliferation in a time\u2010dependent manner, with a stronger effect during the light\/rest period. Alcohol\u2010associated DNA damage also occurred more when alcohol was given at light. Levels of DNA adduct did not vary by time, suggesting rather lower repair efficiency during the light versus dark. XPA gene expression, a key excision repair gene, was time\u2010dependent, peaking at the beginning of the dark. XPA knockout colon epithelial cells were inefficient in repair of the DNA damage induced by alcohol's metabolite.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Time of day of alcohol intake may be an important determinant of colon tissue damage and carcinogenicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T20:56:16Z","timestamp":1561496176000},"page":"1898-1908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Alcohol Effects on Colon Epithelium are Time\u2010Dependent"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5644-2586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faraz","family":"Bishehsari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology Department of Internal Medicine Rush University Medical Center Chicago 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