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One hypothesis would be that methylation of these 2 genes is consistently associated with alcohol exposure and could be used as biomarkers to predict risk of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Results of the present study provided some support for this hypothesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a series of studies to determine DNA methylation changes in stress regulatory genes proopiomelanocortin (<jats:italic>POMC<\/jats:italic>) and period 2 (<jats:italic>PER2<\/jats:italic>) using biological samples from 3 separate cohorts of patients: (i) pregnant women who consumed moderate\u2010to\u2010high levels of alcohol or low\/unexposed controls, (ii) children with PAE and non\u2013alcohol\u2010exposed controls, and (iii) children with PAE treated with or without choline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found pregnant women who consumed moderate\u2010to\u2010high levels of alcohol and gave birth to PAE children had higher DNA methylation of <jats:italic>POMC<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>PER2<\/jats:italic>. PAE children also had increased methylation of <jats:italic>POMC<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>PER2<\/jats:italic>. The differences in the gene methylation of <jats:italic>PER2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>POMC<\/jats:italic> between PAE and controls did not differ by maternal smoking status. PAE children had increased levels of stress hormone cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone. Choline supplementation reduced DNA hypermethylation and increased expression of <jats:italic>POMC<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>PER2<\/jats:italic> in children with PAE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data suggest that PAE significantly elevates DNA methylation of <jats:italic>POMC<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>PER2<\/jats:italic> and increases levels of stress hormones. Furthermore, these results suggest the possibility that measuring DNA methylation levels of <jats:italic>PER2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>POMC<\/jats:italic> in biological samples from pregnant women or from children may be useful for identification of a woman or a child with PAE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]],"date-time":"2019-07-22T13:13:13Z","timestamp":1563801193000},"page":"1887-1897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Persistent Changes in Stress\u2010Regulatory Genes in Pregnant Women or Children Exposed Prenatally to Alcohol"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3237-9871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dipak K.","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers Endocrine Research Program (DKS, OG) Department of Animal Sciences Rutgers 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