{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T12:06:36Z","timestamp":1759838796150,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]],"date-time":"2019-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2T32AI102623\u201006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2T32AI102623\u201006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AA023869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AA023869"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alcohol can lead to fatal and nonfatal overdose (OD) through its neurobiological inhibitory effects when used alone or with other drugs. Little research has examined alcohol OD characteristics in the context of concomitant drug use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study utilized alcohol OD data (defined as alcohol poisoning, passing out, or blacking out) collected in a large residential addiction treatment facility (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0660). Latent class analysis identified classes of alcohol OD events based on concomitant drug use at the time of OD. We evaluated correlates of alcohol OD classes, including depression, emergency medical services, and hospitalization, using latent class regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Only 20% of alcohol ODs involved alcohol alone. Marijuana was the most\u00a0commonly used drug during the most recent alcohol OD (43.2%), followed by sedatives (27.9%), cocaine or crack (25.9%), prescription opioids (26.1%), and heroin (20%). The final latent class model included 3 classes: no\/low drug involvement (61%), moderate drug involvement (33%), and high drug involvement (6%). Relative to the no\/low drug involvement class, participants admitted to the hospital were 6.4\u2010fold more likely to be in the high drug involvement class (95% CI: 2.4 to 16.6) and 2.9\u2010fold more likely to be in the moderate drug involvement class (95% CI: 1.2 to 7.2). Participants receiving emergency medical services were more likely to be in the high drug involvement class (aOR: 2.2, 95% CI: 2.2, 1.1 to 4.5) and less likely to be in the moderate drug involvement class (aOR 0.39, 95% CI: 0.2 to 0.96).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Combining drug classes with alcohol prior to OD was common and associated with a higher likelihood of hospitalization. Overdose prevention efforts should address acute risks of alcohol ingestion with other drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]],"date-time":"2019-10-09T14:00:12Z","timestamp":1570629612000},"page":"2431-2437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Role of Drugs in Alcohol Poisoning and Blackout Events: A Latent Class Analysis of a Residential Treatment Sample"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9129-7318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne C.","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; Addiction Center Michigan Medicine Ann Arbor Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Gicquelais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Jannausch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; Addiction Center Michigan Medicine Ann Arbor Michigan"},{"name":"VA Center for Clinical Management Research Ann Arbor Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy S.B.","family":"Bohnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; Addiction Center Michigan Medicine Ann Arbor Michigan"},{"name":"VA Center for Clinical Management Research Ann Arbor Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000506"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13167"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01246098"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality(2016)Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health HHS Publication No. SMA 16\u20104984."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"2014 Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Rockville MD C Day Benzodiazepines in Combination with Opioid Pain Relievers or Alcohol: Greater Risk of More Serious ED Visit Outcomes"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"DziakJJ LanzaST(2016)LCABootstrap SAS macro users\u2019 guide (version 4.0). 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