{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T17:58:44Z","timestamp":1789063124547,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are limited data on the characteristics of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) and their mothers from the general population in the United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the 2012 and 2013 academic years, first\u2010grade children in a large urban Pacific Southwest city were invited to participate in a study to estimate the prevalence of FASD. Children who screened positive on weight, height, or head circumference \u226425th centile or on parental report of developmental concerns were selected for evaluation, along with a random sample of those who screened negative. These children were examined for dysmorphology and neurobehavior and their mothers or collateral sources were interviewed. Children were classified as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS), alcohol\u2010related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND), or No FASD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 854 children were evaluated; 5 FAS, 44 pFAS, 44 ARND, and 761 No FASD. Children with FAS or pFAS were more likely to have dysmorphic features, and 32\/49 (65.3%) of those met criteria for neurobehavioral impairment on cognitive measures with or without behavioral deficits. In contrast, 28\/44 (63.6%) of children with ARND met criteria on behavioral measures alone. Mothers of FASD children were more likely to recognize pregnancy later, be unmarried, and report other substance use or psychiatric disorders, but did not differ on age, socioeconomic status, education, or parity. Mothers of FASD children reported more drinks\/drinking day each trimester. The risk of FASD was elevated with increasing number of drinks\/drinking day prior to pregnancy recognition, even at the level of 1 drink per day (adjusted odds ratio 3.802, 95% confidence interval 1.634, 8.374).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from this general population sample in a large urban region in the United States demonstrate the variability of expression of FASD and point to risk and protective factors for mothers in this setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T14:00:14Z","timestamp":1572962414000},"page":"2578-2590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in a Pacific Southwest City: Maternal and Child Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4675-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina D.","family":"Chambers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla California"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health School of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3399-6644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Coles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry School of Medicine Emory University Atlanta Georgia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine Emory University Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Kable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry School of Medicine Emory University Atlanta Georgia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine Emory University Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natacha","family":"Akshoomoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences School of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronghui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health School of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla California"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics University of California San Diego La Jolla California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Zellner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Honerkamp\u2010Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie A.","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret P.","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth Lyons","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla 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