{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T01:32:31Z","timestamp":1787880751041,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UO1AA019879 andU01AA019894"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UO1AA019879 andU01AA019894"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effects of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) are conceptualized as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) as the most severe. Many find it more difficult to characterize behavioral and cognitive effects of exposure on the central nervous system when physical signs are not present. In the current study, an operational definition of alcohol\u2010related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) was examined to determine its usefulness in discrimination of children classified as ARND based on behavior (ARND\/B) and cognition (ARND\/C) from children in 4 contrast groups: (i) children exposed to study\u2010defined \u201crisky drinking\u201d; (ii) children with any reported PAE; (iii) children classified as \u201cHigher Risk\u201d for developmental problems; and (iv) children classified as \u201cLower Risk.\u201d<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1,842 children seen as part of a surveillance study (J Am Med Assoc, 319, 2018, 474) were evaluated for alcohol exposure and physical characteristics of FAS, and completed neurodevelopmental testing. Ninety\u2010one were identified as either ARND\/B or ARND\/C and contrasted with other groups to further identify distinguishing patterns. Multinomial logistic regression (MLR) was used to examine the accuracy of classification and to identify factors contributing to such classification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children described as ARND\/C were distinct from other groups based on cognition and behavior as well as demographic factors (e.g., age, race, SES), child characteristics (e.g., gestational age; sex), and other drug exposures, while those described as ARND\/B differed only on behavior and other drug exposures. MLR models successfully discriminated ARND groups from children in other groups with accuracy ranging from 79% (Higher Risk) to 86.7% (Low Risk).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>ARND has been a subject of debate. This analysis suggests the effects of alcohol on behavior and cognition even in the absence of the characteristic facial features and growth deficiency that can be identified. The results also indicate that it may be possible to distinguish such children from those in other high\u2010risk groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]],"date-time":"2020-03-16T04:39:36Z","timestamp":1584333576000},"page":"1245-1260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Characterizing Alcohol\u2010Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder: Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and the Spectrum of Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3399-6644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire D.","family":"Coles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics (CDC, JAK) Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Kalberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions (WK) The University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Kable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics (CDC, JAK) Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Tabachnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California State University (BT) Northridge California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip A.","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition (PAM) Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Kannapolis North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4675-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina D.","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Family Medicine and Public Health (CDC) University of California San Diego School of Medicine La Jolla California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"2001 University of Vermont Research Center for Children Youth & Families Burlington VT TM Achenbach LA Rescorla Manual for the ASEBA School\u2010Age Forms & Profiles"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2019.1567734"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"2004 Pearson Assessment San Antonio TX KE Beery NA Beery The Beery\u2010Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual\u2010Motor Integration"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"1998 Harcourt Assessment Inc San Antonio TX BA Bracken Bracken Basic Concept Scale \u2013 Revised"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(91)90085-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0775"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1408"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03743.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000094"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12073"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.84.3.536","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to alcohol: effect on infant growth and morphologic characteristics","volume":"84","author":"Day NL","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1463"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-015-0054-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"1979 Pearson Assessment San Antonio TX CD Elliott Differential Ability Scales"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"1998 Ellsworth & Vandermeer Nashville TN FP Glascoe Collaborating with Parents: Using Parents\u2019 Evaluations of Developmental Status (PEDS) to Detect and Address Developmental and Behavioral Problems"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13366"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2018.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsj029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","unstructured":"2016 IBM Corp Armonk NY IBM Corp. 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