{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:45:31Z","timestamp":1792291531290,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase\u20102 (<jats:italic>ALDH2<\/jats:italic>) is a well\u2010known deterrent to the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD), and however, some individuals with inactive <jats:italic>ALDH2<\/jats:italic> do go on to develop AUD. These alcoholics are likely to have strong risk factors for the development of this disorder. Using a model of alcoholics with inactive <jats:italic>ALDH2<\/jats:italic> (the AIA model), we investigated the unique characteristics of alcoholics with inactive <jats:italic>ALDH2<\/jats:italic> in an attempt to identify the risk factors for AUD. In this study, we focused on comorbid psychiatric and personality disorders as potential risk factors for AUD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The subjects were 103 male alcoholics with inactive <jats:italic>ALDH2<\/jats:italic> (AIAs), 87 age\u2010 and <jats:italic>ADH1B<\/jats:italic> genotype\u2010matched alcoholics with active <jats:italic>ALDH2<\/jats:italic> (AAAs) and 200 age\u2010matched healthy men. The alcoholics were divided into 4 subgroups according to their <jats:italic>ALDH2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ADH1B<\/jats:italic> genotypes (inactive <jats:italic>ALDH2<\/jats:italic> vs. active <jats:italic>ALDH2<\/jats:italic>, usual <jats:italic>ADH1B<\/jats:italic> vs. superactive <jats:italic>ADH1B<\/jats:italic>). To assess the participants\u2019 comorbid psychiatric disorders, we conducted semi\u2010structured interviews using the Japanese translation of SSAGA version 2. We compared the prevalence of comorbid psychiatric and personality disorders among groups with different combinations of the <jats:italic>ALDH2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ADH1B<\/jats:italic> genotypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was significantly higher in the AIAs with usual <jats:italic>ADH1B<\/jats:italic> than in the other 3 subgroups of alcoholics. In contrast, the prevalence rates of agoraphobia and panic disorder were significantly lower in the AIAs with superactive <jats:italic>ADH1B<\/jats:italic> than in the other 3 subgroups of alcoholics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study suggested that (i) ADHD is a risk factor for AUD, consistent with previous reports; (ii) agoraphobia and panic disorder may have deterrent effects against the development of AUD in individuals with inactive <jats:italic>ALDH2<\/jats:italic>, probably attributable to the similarity between the symptoms of agoraphobia and panic disorder and the adverse reactions to consumption of alcohol in subjects with inactive <jats:italic>ALDH2<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,5]],"date-time":"2020-09-05T17:16:47Z","timestamp":1599326207000},"page":"2275-2282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Influence of Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders on the Risk of Development of Alcohol Dependence by Genetic Variations of <i>ALDH2<\/i> and <i>ADH1B<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9432-3270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitsuru","family":"Itoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center (MI, TY, FU, CI, YY, HN, HM, MK, SM) Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Yonemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the National Hospital 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TY, FU, CI, YY, HN, HM, MK, SM) Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Yumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center (MI, TY, FU, CI, YY, HN, HM, MK, SM) Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center (MI, TY, FU, CI, YY, HN, HM, MK, SM) Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Maesato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center (MI, TY, FU, CI, YY, HN, HM, MK, SM) Kanagawa 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