{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:09:19Z","timestamp":1790622559990,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3U24AA014815\u201016S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3U24AA014815\u201016S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U01AA014834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U01AA014834"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U01AA026102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U01AA026102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U24AA014811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U24AA014811"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U24AA014815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U24AA014815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U24AA014815\u201016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U24AA014815\u201016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA024123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA024123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA024123\u201005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA024123\u201005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA024123\u201005S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA024123\u201005S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AA019580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AA019580"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R33AA019580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R33AA019580"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is linked to a variety of neurodevelopmental challenges, including social functioning (SF) and executive functioning (EF) deficits. These deficits present differently across developmental stages from preschool age to adolescence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The\n                      <jats:italic>post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      analyses described here were conducted on data from 83 preschool\u2010age children with PAE (early childhood group; ages 2.5 to 5.0) and 95 adolescents (49 with PAE, 46 controls; ages 8 to 16). Each child completed EF tasks as part of several prior studies. Parents completed social and communication inventories about their child\u2019s abilities. Thirty\u2010three participants from the early childhood group returned for a 4\u2010year follow\u2010up and completed both SF and EF measures.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both the early childhood and adolescent groups with PAE showed deficits in SF and EF. There was a relationship between SF and EF within the adolescent PAE group that was not present in the adolescent control group or the early childhood PAE group. However, at the 4\u2010year follow\u2010up (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a08.45), participants originally in the early childhood PAE group also demonstrated this relationship.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings support previous research on EF\/SF deficits in adolescents with PAE while also addressing a gap in the literature concerning early childhood research on this topic. Additionally, these findings suggest that the relationship between EF and SF deficits may strengthen throughout development. This line of research highlights potential sensitive periods for SF and EF training in children with PAE and suggests that fetal alcohol spectrum disorders programs consider targeting EF training as a component of social skill interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T13:24:52Z","timestamp":1608643492000},"page":"457-469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Executive and Social Functioning Across Development in Children and Adolescents With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1698-2702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeline N.","family":"Rockhold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3595-087X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyssa M.","family":"Krueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6844-2759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"de Water","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1498-5272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher W.","family":"Lindgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin E.","family":"Sandness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9441-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith K.","family":"Eckerle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariah J.","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit A.","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7709-1113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Boys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7731-9250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0931-8678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita J.","family":"Fuglestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Florida Jacksonville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8499-9605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah N.","family":"Mattson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5404-5912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth L.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8747-891X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward P.","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7132-8519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Wozniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"87","volume-title":"The Company They Keep: Friendship in Childhood and Adolescence, Cambridge Studies in Social and Emotional Development","author":"Aboud FE","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"2001 University of Vermont Research Center for Children Youth & Families Burlington VT TM Achenbach LA Rescorla Manual for the ASEBA School\u2010Age Forms and Profiles"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00202-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-012-0256-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"2004 University of Washington Washington DC SJ Astley SK Clarren Diagnostic Guide for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Related Conditions: The 4\u2010Digit Diagnositc Code"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2011.563485"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01499.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2802_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Scales of Independent Behavior Manual","author":"Bruininks RH","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2003.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2802_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"2010 Inst. Child Dev. Univ Minn SM Carlson Executive Function Scale for Preschoolers. Technical Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"2017 Reflection Sciences St Paul MN SM Carlson Minnesota Executive Function Scale Technical Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"2014 Reflection Sciences Saint Paul MN SM Carlson PD Zelazo Minnesota Executive Function Scale\u2014Test Manual"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsl024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532694204Connor"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"170","article-title":"Effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol across the life span","volume":"20","author":"Connor PD","year":"1996","journal-title":"Alcohol Health Res World"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","article-title":"Early delay of gratification predicts later inhibitory control and academic performance in children with prenatal alcohol exposure","author":"Water E","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DelisDC KaplanE KramerJH(2001)Delis\u2010Kaplan Executive Function System (D\u2010KEFS). APA PsychTests.","DOI":"10.1037\/t15082-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704102191"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617718000772"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-016-0134-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2014.933792"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182872e5f"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2014.911271"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-005-3578-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-0044-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000841740807500411"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(99)00073-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12161"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"192","article-title":"The effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on executive functioning","volume":"25","author":"Kodituwakku PW","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01661.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326942DN2203_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a review of the neurobehavioral deficits associated with prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"6","author":"Mattson SN","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-011-9167-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2009.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04077.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.68"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2006(03)00026-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2658056"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","unstructured":"2012 K Nash Improving Executive Functioning in Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Diosrders Using the Alert Program for Self Regulation"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.2017-0137"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000466658.05156.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.alc.0000175040.91007.d0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","unstructured":"2003 Riverside Publishing Itasca IL GH Roid Stanford Binet Intelligence Scales"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040600611338"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-017-0702-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","first-page":"625","article-title":"Development of social skills during middle childhood: growth trajectories and school\u2010related predictors","volume":"72","author":"S\u00f8rlie M","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J School Educ Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00333"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","unstructured":"2016 NCS Pearson Inc Bloomington SS Sparrow DV Cicchetti CA Saulnier Vineland Adaptive Behaviors Scales Third Edition (Vineland\u20103)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2012.727791"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","unstructured":"2006 Oxford University Press New York E Strauss EMS Sherman O Spreen A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01437-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03684.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407598155008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.35.2.386"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","unstructured":"2014 NCS Pearsons Inc San Antonio TX D Wechsler WISC\u2010V: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182872ded"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565649109540483"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02311.x"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Four\u2010year follow\u2010up of a randomized controlled trial of choline for neurodevelopment in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"12","author":"Wozniak JR","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurodev Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.099168"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2013.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-016-9624-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","first-page":"574","volume-title":"The Wiley\u2010Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development","author":"Zelazo PD","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.14538","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/acer.14538","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.14538","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T08:43:15Z","timestamp":1693384995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/acer.14538"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/acer.14538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.14538","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-6008","1530-0277"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-6008","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0277","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}