{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T10:00:28Z","timestamp":1773482428932,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hypertension is a common disease found in 1.13 billion adults worldwide. Several animal studies have provided evidence of the joint effect of alcohol drinking and cadmium exposure on hypertension. However, no epidemiologic study has examined the association between these 2 risk factors and hypertension. Therefore, we examined the individual effects of alcohol drinking and cadmium and the joint effect of their coexposure on hypertension in the general population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed data from 8,403 South Korean adults who had been randomly assigned to the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2008 to 2013. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the association of alcohol drinking and blood cadmium concentration with blood pressure and the odds ratio (OR) for hypertension.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The weighted prevalence of hypertension and high\u2010risk drinking was 25.7 and 13.6%, respectively. The weighted geometric mean of blood cadmium levels was 0.94\u00a0\u03bcg\/L (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93 to 0.96). After adjusting for demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, health\u2010related behaviors, and dietary and disease variables, the OR for hypertension in the group with the high\u2010risk alcohol drinking was 1.67 (95% CI: 1.34 to 2.06) compared with the group without high\u2010risk alcohol drinking. When the highest and the lowest blood cadmium quartiles were compared, the OR for hypertension was 1.46 (95% CI: 1.15 to 1.86). The positive joint effect of high\u2010risk drinking and blood cadmium levels was statistically significant for systolic blood pressure (SBP; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.037) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results show that heavy alcohol drinking had a joint effect with cadmium exposure to increase the risk of hypertension. Future efforts are needed to reduce alcohol drinking and environmental cadmium exposure to prevent hypertension in the general population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T15:01:15Z","timestamp":1614351675000},"page":"548-560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Joint Effect of Alcohol Drinking and Environmental Cadmium Exposure on Hypertension in Korean Adults: Analysis of Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008 to 2013"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Yun\u2010Hee","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science Korea University Seoul Korea"},{"name":"BK21 FOUR R&amp;E Center for Learning Health System Korea University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Da\u2010An","family":"Huh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science Korea University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5794-0883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyong Whan","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21 FOUR R&amp;E Center for Learning Health System Korea University Seoul Korea"},{"name":"Department of Health and Environmental Science Korea University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068418"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40557-017-0202-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.167"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"ATSDR(1999)Toxicological profile for cadmium. 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