{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T18:15:13Z","timestamp":1792347313882,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]],"date-time":"2021-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies in alcohol use disorders (AUDs) have demonstrated some connections between carnitine metabolism and the pathophysiology of the disease. In this scoping review, we aimed to collate and examine existing research available on carnitine metabolism and AUDs and develop hypotheses surrounding the role carnitine may play in AUD. A scoping review method was used to search electronic databases in September 2019. The database search terms used included \u201c<jats:italic>alcohol, alcoholism, alcohol abuse, alcohol consumption, alcohol drinking patterns, alcohol\u2010induced disorders, alcoholic intoxication, alcohol\u2010related disorders, binge drinking, Wernicke encephalopathy, acylcarnitine, acetyl\u2010l\u2010carnitine, acetylcarnitine, carnitine and palmitoylcarnitine.\u201d<\/jats:italic> The inclusion criteria included English language, human\u2010based, AUD diagnosis and measured blood or tissue carnitine or used carnitine as a treatment. Of 586 studies that were identified and screened, 65 underwent abstract review, and 41 were fully reviewed. Eighteen studies were ultimately included for analysis. Data were summarized in an electronic data extraction form. We found that there is limited literature available. Alcohol use appears to impact carnitine metabolism, most clearly in the setting of alcoholic cirrhosis. Six studies found carnitine to be increased in AUD, of which 5 were conducted in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Only 3 placebo\u2010controlled trials were identified and provide some support for the use of carnitine in AUD to decrease cravings, anhedonia, and withdrawal and improve cognition. The increase in plasma carnitine in alcoholic cirrhosis may be related to disordered fatty acid metabolism and oxidative stress that occurs in AUD. The multiple possible therapeutic effects carnitine could have on ethanol metabolism and the early evidence available for carnitine supplementation as a treatment for AUD provide a foundation for future randomized control trials of carnitine for treating AUD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T17:48:24Z","timestamp":1613152104000},"page":"666-674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Carnitine in Alcohol Use Disorders: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"A. Brianne","family":"Bota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Program Ottawa Hospital Research Institute  Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Graydon","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Ottawa  Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"DiBattista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newborn Screening Ontario Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario  Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1741-7705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kumanan","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Program Ottawa Hospital Research Institute  Ottawa ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Ottawa  Ottawa ON Canada"},{"name":"Bruyere Research Institute  Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1988.tb00259.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-017-0106-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-4505(90)90047-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"619","article-title":"Plasma carnitine levels in liver cirrhosis: relationship with nutritional status and liver damage","volume":"28","author":"Amodio P","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Chem Clin Biochem"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-6618(03)00154-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v8.i10.499"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2008.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-010-9217-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/931"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(02)17636-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Substantiation of the use of L\u2010carnitine for the treatment of alcoholism","volume":"67","author":"Bykov IL","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eksp Klin Farmakol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agg109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020984114824"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011003030287"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"671","article-title":"Plasma carnitine and alcohol induced liver damage","volume":"15","author":"Cooper MB","year":"1987","journal-title":"Med Sci Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(84)90069-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"S210","article-title":"Effect of L\u2010carnitine supplementation in non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease and glucose metabolism: a meta\u2010analysis","volume":"13","author":"De Guzman Boado CA","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0750437"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473710801010003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i37.4974"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)41194-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1L201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840030413"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1988.tb00256.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03486.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.05.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","first-page":"S111","article-title":"Mechanism of alcohol\u2010induced mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain: implication for neurodegeneration","volume":"47","author":"Haorah J","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070833"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199303000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050169"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","article-title":"Acetyl\u2010l\u2010carnitine for dementia","volume":"2003","author":"Hudson SA","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3628"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12643"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2015.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5604\/17322693.1051649"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2019.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/wvn.12144"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28720-6_129"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","first-page":"148","article-title":"Carnitine metabolism in patients with chronic liver disease","volume":"25","author":"Kr\u00e4henb\u00fchl S","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688908200307"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3941913"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-79"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2016.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Effect of acetyl\u2010L\u2010carnitine on ethanol consumption and alcohol abstinence syndrome in rats","volume":"26","author":"Mangano N","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drugs Exp Clin Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840010403"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","article-title":"Acetyl\u2010L\u2010carnitine for patients with hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"1","author":"Mart\u00ed\u2010Carvajal AJ","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2011.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agq039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","first-page":"606","article-title":"Hepatic triglyceride accumulation and the ethanol physical withdrawal syndrome in mice","volume":"58","author":"Murad CA","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2004.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3939"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Alcoholic liver disease: pathogenesis and current management","volume":"38","author":"Osna NA","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2327-6924.12380"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(95)80001-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.1750101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2013.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108824"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","first-page":"1221","article-title":"Lipotropic effect of carnitine on alcohol\u2010induced hepatic steatosis","volume":"27","author":"Sachan DS","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nutr Rep Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/39.5.738"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Long\u2010term ethanol administration enhances age\u2010dependent modulation of redox state in brain and peripheral organs of rat: protection by acetyl carnitine","volume":"24","author":"Scapagnini G","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Tissue React"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-200405000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.1.89"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087366"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2004.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00006.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15406\/jlrdt.2016.02.00025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Role of acetyl\u2010L\u2010carnitine in the treatment of cognitive deficit in chronic alcoholism","volume":"10","author":"Tempesta E","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000537"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0186(94)00162-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","first-page":"450","volume-title":"Global status report on alcohol and health 2018","author":"World Health Organization, Alcohol, Drugs and Behaviors","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsads.2014.s17.79"}],"container-title":["Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.14568","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/acer.14568","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.14568","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T21:10:57Z","timestamp":1693343457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/acer.14568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/acer.14568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.14568","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-6008","1530-0277"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-6008","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0277","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-12-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}