{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:57:34Z","timestamp":1787320654611,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01\/R01 AA015134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01\/R01 AA015134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate gestational age and growth at birth as predictors of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sample analyzed here comprises 737 randomly selected children who were assessed for growth, dysmorphology, and neurobehavior at 7\u00a0years of age. Maternal interviews were conducted to ascertain prenatal alcohol exposure and other maternal risk factors. Birth data originated from clinic records and the data at 7\u00a0years of age originated from population\u2010based, in\u2010school studies. Binary linear regression assessed the relationship between preterm birth, small for gestational age (SGA), and their combination on the odds of a specific FASD diagnosis or any FASD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among children diagnosed with FASD at 7\u00a0years of age (n\u00a0=\u00a0255), a review of birth records indicated that 18.4% were born preterm, 51.4% were SGA, and 5.9% were both preterm and SGA. When compared to non\u2010FASD controls (n\u00a0=\u00a0482), the birth percentages born preterm, SGA, and both preterm and SGA were respectively 12.0%, 27.7%, and 0.5%. Mothers of children with FASD reported more drinking during all trimesters, higher gravidity, lower educational attainment, and older age at pregnancy. After controlling for usual drinks per drinking day in the first trimester, number of trimesters of drinking, maternal education, tobacco use, and maternal age, the odds ratio of an FASD diagnosis by age 7 was significantly associated with SGA (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.16, 95% CI: 1.35 to 3.45). SGA was also significantly associated with each of the 3\u00a0most common specific diagnoses within the FASD continuum: fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS; OR\u00a0=\u00a03.1), partial FAS (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.1), and alcohol\u2010related neurodevelopmental disorder (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.0).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SGA is a robust early indicator for FASD in this random sample of children assessed at 7\u00a0years of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T20:57:02Z","timestamp":1627937822000},"page":"1624-1638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Gestational age and birth growth parameters as early predictors of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Julie M.","family":"Hasken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health Nutrition Research Institute University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna\u2010Susan","family":"Marais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belinda","family":"Joubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marise","family":"Cloete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isobel","family":"Botha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumien Roux","family":"Symington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy O.","family":"Kalberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Alcohol, Substance Abuse and Addition University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Alcohol, Substance Abuse and Addition University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luther K.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Buffalo School of Medicine Buffalo NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie A.","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles D. 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