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In rats, gestational choline supplementation mitigates adverse developmental effects of ethanol exposure. Our recent randomized, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled maternal choline supplementation trial showed improved somatic and functional outcomes in infants at 6.5 and 12\u00a0months postpartum. Here, we examined whether maternal choline supplementation protected the newborn brain from PAE\u2010related volume reductions and, if so, whether these volume changes were associated with improved infant recognition memory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty\u2010two infants born to heavy\u2010drinking women who had participated in a choline supplementation trial during pregnancy underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging with a multi\u2010echo FLASH protocol on a 3T Siemens Allegra MRI (median age\u00a0=\u00a02.8\u00a0weeks postpartum). Subcortical regions were manually segmented. Recognition memory was assessed at 12\u00a0months on the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII). We examined the effects of choline on regional brain volumes, whether choline\u2010related volume increases were associated with higher FTII scores, and the degree to which the regional volume increases mediated the effects of choline on the FTII.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Usable MRI data were acquired in 50 infants (choline:\n                      <jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a027; placebo:\n                      <jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a023). Normalized volumes were larger in six of 12 regions in the choline than placebo arm (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0\u2265\u00a02.05,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0\u2264\u00a00.05) and were correlated with the degree of maternal choline adherence (\u03b2\u00a0\u2265\u00a00.28,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0\u2264\u00a00.04). Larger right putamen and corpus callosum were related to higher FTII scores (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.36,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.02) with a trend toward partial mediation of the choline effect on recognition memory.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High\u2010dose choline supplementation during pregnancy mitigated PAE\u2010related regional volume reductions, with larger volumes associated with improved 12\u2010month recognition memory. These results provide the first evidence that choline may be neuroprotective against PAE\u2010related brain structural deficits in humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T21:40:17Z","timestamp":1627940417000},"page":"1762-1774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Maternal choline supplementation mitigates alcohol exposure effects on neonatal brain volumes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5368-0957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fleur L.","family":"Warton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Research Centre Division of Biomedical Engineering University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Molteno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M. 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