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Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive and behavioral sequelae of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) continue to be prevalent in the United States and worldwide. Because these sequelae are also common in other neurodevelopmental disorders, researchers have attempted to identify a distinct neurobehavioral profile to facilitate the differential diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). We used an innovative, individual participant meta\u2010analytic technique to combine data from six large U.S. longitudinal cohorts to provide a more comprehensive and reliable characterization of the neurobehavioral deficits seen in FASD than can be obtained from smaller samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Meta\u2010analyses were performed on data from 2236 participants to examine effects of PAE (measured as oz absolute alcohol\/day (AA\/day)) on IQ, four domains of cognition function (learning and memory, executive function, reading achievement, and math achievement), sustained attention, and behavior problems, after adjusting for potential confounders using propensity scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effect sizes for IQ and the four domains of cognitive function were strikingly similar to one another and did not differ at school age, adolescence, or young adulthood. Effect sizes were smaller in the more middle\u2010class Seattle cohort and larger in the three cohorts that obtained more detailed and comprehensive assessments of AA\/day. PAE effect sizes were somewhat weaker for parent\u2010 and teacher\u2010reported behavior problems and not significant for sustained attention. In a meta\u2010analysis of five aspects of executive function, the strongest effect was on set\u2010shifting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The similarity in the effect sizes for the four domains of cognitive function suggests that PAE affects an underlying component or components of cognition involving learning and memory and executive function that are reflected in IQ and academic achievement scores. The weaker effects in the more middle\u2010class cohort may reflect a more cognitively stimulating environment, a different maternal drinking pattern (lower alcohol dose\/occasion), and\/or better maternal prenatal nutrition. These findings identify two domains of cognition\u2014learning\/memory and set\u2010shifting\u2014that are particularly affected by PAE, and one, sustained attention, which is apparently spared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T21:52:16Z","timestamp":1627941136000},"page":"2040-2058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on cognitive and behavioral development: Findings from a hierarchical meta\u2010analysis of data from six prospective longitudinal U.S. cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8271-280X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tugba","family":"Akkaya\u2010Hocagil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science University of Waterloo Waterloo ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise M.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences University of Technology Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers Parkville Vic. 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