{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T10:45:49Z","timestamp":1773053149283,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["758813 MHINT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["758813 MHINT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"Helse S\u00f8r-\u00d8st RHF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"Helse S\u00f8r-\u00d8st RHF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["223273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["223273"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["229624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["229624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["262177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["262177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["273291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["273291"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["274611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["274611"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["288083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["288083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Studies investigating the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on childhood attention\u2010deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms using conventional observational designs have reported inconsistent findings, which may be affected by unmeasured confounding and maternal and fetal ability to metabolize alcohol. We used genetic variants from the alcohol metabolizing genes, alcohol dehydrogenase (\n                      <jats:italic>ADH<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (\n                      <jats:italic>ALDH<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), as proxies for fetal alcohol exposure to investigate their association with risk of offspring ADHD symptoms around age 7\u20138\u00a0years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used data from 3 longitudinal pregnancy cohorts: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), Generation R study (GenR), and the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort study (MoBa). Genetic risk scores (GRS) for alcohol use and metabolism using 36\u00a0single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from\n                      <jats:italic>ADH<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>ALDH<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes were calculated for mothers (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ALSPAC<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a08196; N\n                      <jats:sub>MOBA<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a013,614), fathers (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>MOBA<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a013,935), and offspring (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ALSPAC<\/jats:sub>\n                      =8,237;\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>MOBA<\/jats:sub>\n                      =14,112;\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>GENR<\/jats:sub>\n                      =2,661). Associations between maternal GRS and offspring risk of ADHD symptoms were tested in the full sample to avoid collider bias. Offspring GRS analyses were stratified by maternal drinking status.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The pooled estimate in maternal GRS analyses adjusted for offspring GRS in ALSPAC and MoBa was OR\u00a0=\u00a00.99, 95%CI 0.97\u20131.02. The pooled estimate in offspring GRS analyses stratified by maternal drinking status across all the cohorts was as follows: OR\n                      <jats:sub>DRINKING<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.98, 95% CI 0.94\u20131.02; OR\n                      <jats:sub>NO DRINKING<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.99, 95% CI 0.97\u20131.02. These findings remained similar after accounting for maternal genotype data in ALSPAC and maternal and paternal genotype data in MoBa.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We did not find evidence for a causal effect of fetal alcohol exposure on risk of ADHD symptoms in offspring. The results may be affected by limited power to detect small effects and outcome assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T03:16:15Z","timestamp":1630898175000},"page":"2090-2102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Maternal and offspring genetic risk score analyses of fetal alcohol exposure and attention\u2010deficit hyperactivity disorder risk in offspring"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8872-1248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elis","family":"Haan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science University of Bristol Bristol UK"},{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah M.","family":"Sallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science University of Bristol Bristol UK"},{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eivind","family":"Ystrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology PROMENTA Research Center University of Oslo Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Mental Disorders Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P\u00e5l Rasmus","family":"Nj\u00f8lstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science Center for Diabetes Research University of Bergen Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescents Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ole A.","family":"Andreassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NORMENT Centre Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ted","family":"Reichborn\u2010Kjennerud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Disorders Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus R.","family":"Munaf\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science University of Bristol Bristol UK"},{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Havdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology PROMENTA Research Center University of Oslo Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Mental Disorders Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Nic Waals Institute Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Zuccolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit University of Bristol Bristol UK"},{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA school\u2010age forms & profiles","author":"Achenbach T.M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-016-0226-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu779"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Screening and assessment tools. 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