{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:38:16Z","timestamp":1791290296515,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The life\u2010history theory is a well\u2010established framework that predicts behaviors and explains how and why organisms allocate effort and resources to different life goals. Delay discounting (DD) is associated with risky behaviors and has been suggested as a candidate behavioral marker of addiction. Thus, we investigated the relationship between DD, life\u2010history strategies, and engagement in risky behaviors among individuals in recovery from alcohol use disorder (AUD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from 110 individuals in recovery from addiction from The International Quit &amp; Recovery Registry, an ongoing online registry designed to understand recovery phenotype, were included in the analysis. The association between life\u2010history strategies, DD, engagement in risky behaviors, and remission status were assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Life\u2010history strategy scores were significantly associated with DD rates and finance, health, and personal development behaviors after controlling for age, sex, race, ethnicity, years of education, marital status, smoking status, and history of other substance use. Remission status was significantly associated with life\u2010history strategy, DD, drug use, fitness, health, and safe driving after controlling for age, sex, race, years of education, marital status, and smoking status. In addition, a mediation analysis using Hayes\u2019 methods revealed that the discounting rates partially mediated the association between remission status and life\u2010history strategy scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Life\u2010history strategies and remission status are both significantly associated with DD and various health and finance behaviors among individuals in recovery from AUD. This finding supports the characterizations of DD as a candidate behavioral marker of addiction that could help differentiate subgroups needing special attention or specific interventions to improve the outcomes of their recovery. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to understand the relationships between changes in life\u2010history strategies, DD, maladaptive health behaviors, and remission status over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T15:20:41Z","timestamp":1643037641000},"page":"129-140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The phenotype of recovery VI: The association between life\u2010history strategies, delay discounting, and maladaptive health and financial behaviors among individuals in recovery from alcohol use disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Liqa N.","family":"Athamneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Recovery Research Center Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC  Roanoke Virginia USA"},{"name":"Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC  Roanoke Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Freitas\u2010Lemos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Recovery Research Center Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC  Roanoke Virginia USA"},{"name":"Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC  Roanoke Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia C.","family":"Basso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Recovery Research Center Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC  Roanoke Virginia USA"},{"name":"Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC  Roanoke Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana R.","family":"Keith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Recovery Research Center Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC  Roanoke Virginia USA"},{"name":"Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC  Roanoke Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele J.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Recovery Research Center Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC  Roanoke Virginia USA"},{"name":"Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC  Roanoke Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1048-7372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warren K.","family":"Bickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Recovery Research Center Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC  Roanoke Virginia USA"},{"name":"Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC  Roanoke Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13535"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01804-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000460"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000389"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000315"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000351"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.3.382"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01558.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2019.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"419","volume-title":"Time and decision: economic and psychological perspectives on intertemporal choice","author":"Bickel W.K.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15504260902869147"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012099980-4\/50001-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1474704916670402"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X09342276"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-009-9059-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12988"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(2018)Alcohol Use Costs Increase. [Online]. Available from:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/features\/costsofdrinking\/index.html[Accessed 5th September 2021]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2017.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11166-006-9520-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511605932"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.11.1.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1474704916663727"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021591"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00305"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2014.884918"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670903270449"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.6.920"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-009-9063-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005481"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","volume-title":"Survey: ten percent of American adults report being in recovery from substance abuse or addiction","author":"Feliz J.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1474704916676276"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19485565.2004.9989090"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2006.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02820846"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2020.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721413484324"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.40.2.351"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2014.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429056765-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0584"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022403"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.08.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12060782"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637750903310360"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","volume-title":"Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis, Second Edition: A Regression\u2010Based Approach","author":"Hayes A.F.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","unstructured":"Hayes A.F.(2019)PROCESS Documentation Addendum."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.0956"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2012.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470939376.ch2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2014.75.999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13696"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027491"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035973"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027391"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.0304"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2229-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.7.3.284"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.606716"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","unstructured":"Mazur J.E.(1987)An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement. Commons ML.; Mazur JE.; Nevin JA pp.55\u201373."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.13.1689"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.alc.0000191755.63639.4a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.1005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.1343"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2011.96-423"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/12069-002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2012.55.10.388"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2013.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273170701341316"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.07.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/gpr0000173"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/147470491401200506"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","article-title":"The structure and invariance of human life history indicators across the sexes: an extension of Richardson Sanning et al. (2017)","volume":"32","author":"Richardson G.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Human Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","volume-title":"Evolution of life histories: theory and analysis","author":"Roff D.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2020.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000695"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","volume-title":"Introduction and overview of the report","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US), and Office of the Surgeon General (US)","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","volume-title":"Recovery: the many paths to wellness","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US), and Office of the Surgeon General (US)","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","volume-title":"2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of the Effects of the 2015 NSDUH Questionnaire Redesign: Implications for Data Users","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JAN.0000000000000318"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016836"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1479"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Facing addiction in America: the Surgeon General\u2019s report on alcohol, drugs, and health","author":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-3188(00)00004-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4074-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.0220"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_1","volume-title":"Drug & alcohol findings review analysis","author":"White W.L.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1365"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.12.011"}],"container-title":["Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.14747","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/acer.14747","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.14747","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]],"date-time":"2023-08-27T12:08:57Z","timestamp":1693138137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/acer.14747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/acer.14747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.14747","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-6008","1530-0277"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-6008","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0277","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-06-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-01-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}