{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T22:18:21Z","timestamp":1757456301393,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AA016781","R01 AA09524","R01 AA023503","U01 AA014790","U24 AA014815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA016781","R01 AA09524","R01 AA023503","U01 AA014790","U24 AA014815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ability to identify and interpret facial emotions plays a critical role in effective social functioning, which may be impaired in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). We previously reported deficits in children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and partial FAS (PFAS) on the \u201cReading the Mind in the Eyes\u201d (RME) test, which assesses the interpretation of facial emotion. This follow\u2010up study in adolescents was designed to determine whether this impairment persists or represents a developmental delay; to classify the RME stimuli by valence (positive, negative, or neutral) and determine whether RME deficits differ by affective valence; and to explore how components of executive function mediate these associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The RME stimuli were rated and grouped according to valence. Sixty\u2010two participants who had been administered the RME in late childhood (mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0SD\u00a0=\u00a011.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.4\u00a0years) were re\u2010administered this test during adolescence (17.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.6\u00a0years). Overall and valence\u2010specific RME accuracy was examined in relation to prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and FASD diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children with FAS (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a08) and PFAS (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a015) performed more poorly on the RME than non\u2010syndromal heavily exposed (HE; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a019) and control individuals (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a020). By adolescence, the PFAS group performed similarly to HE and controls, whereas the FAS group continued to perform more poorly. No deficits were seen for positively valenced items in any of the groups. For negative and neutral items, in late childhood individuals with FAS and PFAS performed more poorly than HE and controls, but by adolescence only the FAS group continued to perform more poorly. Test\u2013retest reliability was moderate across the two ages. At both timepoints, the effects in the FAS group were partially mediated by Verbal Fluency but not by other aspects of executive function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals with full FAS have greater difficulty interpreting facial emotions than those with non\u2010syndromal HE and healthy controls in both childhood and adolescence. By contrast, RME deficits in individuals with PFAS in childhood represent developmental delay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T04:38:30Z","timestamp":1651466310000},"page":"1268-1281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Stability and change in the interpretation of facial emotions in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders from childhood to adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4148-2643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine M.","family":"Lindinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Development Research Laboratory Department of Human Biology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8271-280X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Development Research Laboratory Department of Human Biology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil C.","family":"Dodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Malcolm\u2010Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACSENT Laboratory Department of Psychology Faculty of Humanities University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Molteno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernesta M.","family":"Meintjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Development Research Laboratory Department of Human Biology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit Division of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9768-2671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra W.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Development Research Laboratory Department of Human Biology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010010\u20101087\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.8.2.71.8724"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014098"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.35.5.1311"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/35.4.400"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136521"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.165.5.640"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13072\/midss.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00442-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2014.888350"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.1993.10532190"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00987140"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.40.6.1105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530\u20100277.1998.tb05909.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0775"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1040302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191\u20108869(99)00119\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.141593"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22327"},{"volume-title":"The Delis\u2010Kaplan Executive Function System: examiner\u2019s manual","year":"2001","author":"Delis D.C.","key":"e_1_2_8_23_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1129603"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23218"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-014-9495-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"456","volume-title":"Handbook of emotions","author":"Fischer A.H.","year":"2008"},{"volume-title":"Identifying emotions in faces: a developmental study","year":"2001","author":"Fox J.","key":"e_1_2_8_28_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.01003.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00292"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930541000110"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bmsp.12028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20107610.2004.00316.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Four\u2010factor index of socioeconomic status","volume":"8","author":"Hollingshead A.B.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Yale Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004\u20100259"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.43.6.1447"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2015.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.5.815"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14534"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530\u20100277.2007.00585.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s095457940404444x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.01086.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001\u20106918(94)00021\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530\u20100277.2011.01661.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528\u20103542.3.4.315"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426\u2010003\u20100157\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12613"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14519"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12961"},{"volume-title":"Children\u2019s Color trails test: professional manual","year":"2003","author":"Llorente A.M.","key":"e_1_2_8_52_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528\u20103542.7.2.239"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2015.1012491"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.21896"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802\u2010009\u20109313\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990802122630"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108624.2007.01018.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00447"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2015.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2012.658768"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","first-page":"e370","article-title":"The relation between theory of mind and executive functions in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"16","author":"Rasmussen C.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2014.950221"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/270723"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2016.1246657"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460150065025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888\u2010019\u20102112\u20109"},{"volume-title":"Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI)","year":"1999","author":"Wechsler D.","key":"e_1_2_8_70_1"},{"volume-title":"WISC\u2010IV administration manual","year":"2003","author":"Wechsler D.","key":"e_1_2_8_71_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.39.1.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019151"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.03.023"}],"container-title":["Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.14851","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/acer.14851","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.14851","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T07:09:00Z","timestamp":1692947340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/acer.14851"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/acer.14851"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.14851","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-6008","1530-0277"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0145-6008"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1530-0277"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-11-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}