{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:09:31Z","timestamp":1790622571437,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP 1017641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP 1017641"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a growing literature that demonstrates the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on brain development in school\u2010aged children. Less is known, however, on how PAE impacts the brain early in life. We investigated the effects of PAE and child sex on subcortical gray matter volume, cortical surface area (CSA), cortical volume (CV), and cortical thickness (CT) in children aged 2 to 3\u2009years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sample was recruited as a nested cross\u2010sectional substudy of the Drakenstein Child Health Study. Images from T1\u2010weighted magnetic resonance imaging were acquired on 47 alcohol\u2010exposed and 124 control children (i.e., with no or minimal alcohol exposure), aged 2 to 3\u2009years, some of whom were scanned as neonates. Brain images were processed through automated processing pipelines using FreeSurfer version 6.0. Subcortical and <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic> selected cortical regions of interest were compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subcortical volume analyses revealed a PAE by child sex interaction for bilateral putamen volumes (Left: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.02; Right: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.01). There was no PAE by child sex interaction effect on CSA, CV, and CT. Analyses revealed an impact of PAE on CSA (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.04) and CV (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.04), but not CT in this age group. Of note, the inferior parietal gyrus CSA was significantly smaller in children with PAE compared to control children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings from this subgroup scanned at age 2 to 3\u2009years build on previously described subcortical volume differences in neonates from this cohort. Findings suggest that PAE persistently affects gray matter development through the critical early years of life. The detectable influence of PAE on brain structure at this early age further highlights the importance of brain imaging studies on the impact of PAE on the young developing brain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T03:19:57Z","timestamp":1652843997000},"page":"1233-1247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on gray matter volume and cortical surface area of 2 to 3\u2010year\u2010old children in a South African birth cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8947-439X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sivenesi","family":"Subramoney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shantanu H.","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of California Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine J.","family":"Wedderburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"},{"name":"The Neuroscience Institute University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annerine","family":"Roos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"The Neuroscience Institute University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry Stellenbosch University  Stellenbosch South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger P.","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences University of California Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather J.","family":"Zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child 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