{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T03:58:32Z","timestamp":1785211112280,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcoholism Clin &amp;amp; Exp Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Understanding compulsive drinking behavior is key to improving outcomes in the treatment of addiction. In the present study, we investigated compulsive\u2010like drinking in alcohol\u2010addicted rats using the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) model of relapse behavior, which involves repeated deprivation and reintroduction phases; the latter approximate relapse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>High\u2010resolution longitudinal drinking and locomotor data were measured while rats (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200930) underwent a four\u2010bottle (water, 5%, 10%, 20% alcohol v\/v) free\u2010choice ADE paradigm. Alcohol bottles were adulterated with the bitter compound quinine during a reintroduction phase to test for compulsive behavior. We characterized how drinking and locomotor behavior during ADE\u2009+\u2009quinine differed from a regular ADE and how, at the individual level, behavioral parameters extracted from the regular ADE related to compulsive\u2010like drinking. Associations of drinking with locomotor activity were also examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the ADE with quinine, we observed reduced consumption of alcohol and a shift to preference for stronger alcohol. Quinine acted by decreasing both the access size and frequency of drinking of 5% alcohol while increasing the frequency of consumption of 20% alcohol. Preference for higher alcohol concentrations prior to the quinine challenge was associated with greater compulsive\u2010like drinking behavior; higher baseline consumption of 20% alcohol correlated with more drinking of quinine\u2010adulterated solutions while high frequency and amount of 5% alcohol consumption at baseline were correlated with being more strongly affected by quinine. Associations between locomotor activity and drinking behavior were observed at the hourly level. These associations reflected changing preferences across experimental phases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Drinking patterns, and specifically solution preference, may offer insights into the presentation of compulsive\u2010like drinking. The findings provide a preclinical basis for observations from epidemiological studies that link higher risk and burden of alcohol\u2010related disease to stronger alcohol concentrations and encourage further translational studies to better understand the underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T05:13:35Z","timestamp":1658726015000},"page":"1710-1719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Alcohol solution strength preference predicts compulsive\u2010like drinking behavior in rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1067-5725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome C.","family":"Foo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus W.","family":"Meinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg  Mannheim Germany"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Skorodumov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2151-4521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rainer","family":"Spanagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for 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