{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:21:01Z","timestamp":1792005661994,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,15]],"date-time":"2023-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03 AA026989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03 AA026989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One of the DSM\u20105 criteria for Alcohol Use Disorder is continued alcohol consumption despite negative consequences. This has been modeled in mice using adulteration of alcohol solution with the bitter tastant quinine. Mice that continue to consume alcohol despite this adulteration are considered aversion resistant. The limited number of studies dissecting the underlying neuronal mechanisms of aversion\u2010resistant drinking behaviors used only male subjects. We have previously shown that female mice are more resistant to quinine adulteration of alcohol than males. Our aim here is to identify potential sex differences in neuronal activation that may underlie this behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male and female C57BL\/6J mice were allowed continuous access to 20% alcohol in a two\u2010bottle choice procedure. To test aversion\u2010resistance, the alcohol was adulterated with increasing concentrations (0.03, 0.1, and 0.2\u2009mM) of quinine hydrochloride. After consumption rates were calculated, brains were extracted to examine neuronal activation using Fos immunohistochemistry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that female mice suppressed their intake to a lesser extent than males when the alcohol solution was adulterated with quinine. Our Fos staining revealed three regions of interest that exhibit a sex difference during quinine\u2010adulterated alcohol drinking: the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), the posterior insular cortex (PIC), and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Both the vmPFC and the PIC exhibited higher neuronal activation in males during quinine\u2010adulterated alcohol consumption. However, females showed higher Fos activation in the VTA during quinine\u2010adulterated alcohol consumption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Females more readily exhibit aversion\u2010resistant alcohol intake than their male counterparts and exhibit some differences in neuronal activation patterns. We conclude that there are sex differences in neurocircuitry that may underlie compulsive drinking behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T21:34:23Z","timestamp":1672176863000},"page":"240-250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Sex differences in neuronal activation during aversion\u2010resistant alcohol consumption"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Miranda E.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arielle N.","family":"Butts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa R.","family":"Erlenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Franklin College of Arts and Science University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen N.","family":"Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3813-527X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse R.","family":"Schank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia  Athens Georgia 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