{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:57:10Z","timestamp":1787165830936,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003921","name":"Department of Health, Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early diagnosis of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) assists in implementing critical early support. The challenge lies in having a diagnostic process that enables valid and reliable assessment of domains of functioning in young children, with the added complexity that many children will also have co\u2010occurring exposure to childhood adversity that is likely to impact these domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to test a diagnostic assessment of FASD in young children using the Australian Guide to the Diagnosis of FASD. Ninety\u2010four children (aged 3 to 7\u2009years) with confirmed or suspected prenatal alcohol exposure were referred to two specialist FASD clinics for assessment in Queensland, Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was a significant risk profile with 68.1% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a064) children having had contact with child protection services, and most children living in kinship (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a022, 27.7%) or foster (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a036, 40.4%) care. Forty\u2010one percent of the children were Indigenous Australians. The majority (64.9%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a061) of children met criteria for FASD, 30.9% were classified as \u201cAt Risk\u201d for FASD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a029), and 4.3% received no FASD diagnosis (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a04). Only 4 (4%) children were rated as severe for the brain domain. Over 60% of children (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a058) had two or more comorbid diagnoses. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the removal of comorbid diagnoses in the Attention, Affect Regulation, or Adaptive Functioning domains resulted in a change in 7 of 47 cases (15%) to an \u201cAt Risk\u201d designation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results highlight the complexity of presentation and the extent of impairment in the sample. The use of comorbid diagnoses to substantiate a \u201csevere\u201d designation in specific neurodevelopmental domains raises the question of whether there were false\u2010positive diagnoses. The complexity of determining causal relationships between exposure to PAE and early life adversity on developmental outcomes continues to be a challenge in this young population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T20:59:47Z","timestamp":1677013187000},"page":"486-500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["An investigation of the utility of the Australian Guide to the Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in young children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3533-1101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Dawe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Psychology Griffith University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5625-6449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Eggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Psychology Griffith University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Betts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Psychology Griffith University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Development Service Sunshine Coast University Hospital  Sunshine Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Pomario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Psychology Griffith University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Doak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of the Sunshine Coast  Sunshine Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ned","family":"Chandler\u2010Mather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Psychology Griffith University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Hatzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Psychology Griffith University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haydn","family":"Till","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Development Service Gold Coast Hospital  Gold Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Harnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Griffith University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of the Sunshine Coast  Sunshine Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doug","family":"Shelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Development Service Gold Coast Hospital  Gold Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-012-9220-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic guide for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: the 4\u2010digit diagnostic code","author":"Astley S.J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"FAS facial photographic analysis software. 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