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This study provides a longitudinal context for the developmental trajectory and timing of abnormal cortical maturation in PAE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied 35 children with PAE and 30 nonexposed typically developing children (Comparisons), aged 8\u201317 at enrollment, who were recruited from the University of Minnesota FASD Program. Participants were matched on age and sex. They underwent a formal evaluation of growth and dysmorphic facial features associated with PAE and completed cognitive testing. MRI data were collected on a Siemens Prisma 3T scanner. Two sessions, each including MRI scans and cognitive testing, were spaced approximately 15\u2009months apart on average. Change in CT and performance on tests of executive function (EF) were examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant age\u2010by\u2010group (PAE vs. Comparison) linear interaction effects in CT were observed in the parietal, temporal, occipital, and insular cortices suggesting altered developmental trajectories in the PAE vs. Comparison groups. Results suggest a pattern of delayed cortical thinning in PAE, with the Comparison group showing more rapid thinning at younger ages and those with PAE showing accelerated thinning at older ages. Overall, children in the PAE group showed reduced cortical thinning across time relative to the Comparison participants. Symmetrized percent change (SPC) in CT in several regions was significantly correlated with EF performance at 15\u2010month follow\u2010up for the Comparison group but not the group with PAE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regional differences were seen longitudinally in the trajectory and timing of CT change in children with PAE, suggesting delayed cortical maturation and an atypical pattern of development compared with typically developing individuals. In addition, exploratory correlation analyses of SPC and EF performance suggest the presence of atypical brain\u2013behavior relationships in PAE. The findings highlight the potential role of altered developmental timing of cortical maturation in contributing to long\u2010term functional impairment in PAE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T06:15:16Z","timestamp":1683094516000},"page":"1312-1326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Delayed cortical thinning in children and adolescents with prenatal alcohol exposure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0414-0823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blake A.","family":"Gimbel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Minnesota Twin Cities  Minneapolis Minnesota 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Psychology San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth L.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of California  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin O.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Minnesota Twin Cities  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Wozniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Minnesota Twin Cities  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic guide for fetal alcohol 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