{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:11:14Z","timestamp":1789477874292,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01DA046716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01DA046716"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AA016211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AA016211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The multistage model of drug addiction posits that risk processes contributing to alcohol use change as individuals develop alcohol use disorders. However, few studies have tested this theory outside of the lab or at the event level. We assessed whether event\u2010level associations between positive reinforcement (e.g., positive affect, sociability expectancies) and negative reinforcement risk factors (e.g., negative affect, tension reduction expectancies) and same\u2010\/next\u2010day alcohol consumption varied as a function of an individual's level of alcohol consequences. Given elevated alcohol use consequences among individuals with post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and disruptions in reward processing that affect this population, we also tested whether these processes differed based on the presence and severity of PTSD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used data from a 30\u2010day ecological momentary assessment study with 174 undergraduate women who regularly engaged in heavy episodic drinking. A majority (78%) of the sample had experienced sexual assault and 44% had current PTSD. Analyses used Bayesian multilevel structural equation modeling with diffuse (non\u2010informative) priors. We used markov chain monte carlo (MCMC) algorithms to generate a series of 10,000 random draws from the multivariate posterior distribution of our sample for each model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results partially supported the multistage model. Event\u2010level negative reinforcement risk factors only predicted more alcohol consumption among individuals who experienced more alcohol consequences. Findings for positive reinforcement risk factors were partially consistent with hypotheses. Overall, findings appear to operate similarly across PTSD symptom severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results suggest that interventions for heavy episodic drinking could benefit from attending to an individual's level of alcohol consequences. For example, preventive interventions for individuals who tend to experience few consequences may benefit more from addressing positive reinforcement risk factors, while treatment interventions for those who experience more consequences may benefit from attending to both positive and negative reinforcement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T15:00:12Z","timestamp":1700146812000},"page":"2068-2080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Event\u2010level positive and negative reinforcement risk factors for alcohol use: Moderation by individual\u2010level alcohol consequences and post\u2010traumatic stress disorder symptom severity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2802-1949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Dyar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"Kaysen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2005.24.6.767"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.17.4.266"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"Asparouhov T.&Muth\u00e9n B.(2010)Bayesian analysis of latent variable models using Mplus. 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