{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T06:27:32Z","timestamp":1781332052327,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]],"date-time":"2023-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) comprises a combination of developmental, cognitive, and behavioral disabilities that occur in children exposed to alcohol prenatally. A higher prevalence of epilepsy and pathological electroencephalographic (EEG) features have also been reported in individuals with FASD. We examined the frequency of epilepsy, pathological EEG findings, and their implications for cognitive and adaptive functioning in children with FASD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a cross\u2010sectional study of 148 children with FASD who underwent a multidisciplinary assessment and a 120\u2010min EEG recording. Group comparisons and regression analyses were performed to test the associations between epilepsy and pathological EEG findings, FASD subgroups and neurocognitive test results and adaptive functioning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The frequency of epilepsy was 6%, which compares with 0.7% in Norway overall. Seventeen percent of children without epilepsy had pathological EEG findings. Attention\u2010deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was diagnosed in 64% of the children. Children with epilepsy and\/or pathological EEG findings had comparable cognitive and adaptive scores to those with normal EEG. However, children with frontal EEG pathology (without epilepsy) had significantly lower scores on the IQ indices <jats:italic>Processing speed<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Working memory<\/jats:italic> than FASD children without such findings, irrespective of ADHD comorbidity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a greater prevalence of epilepsy among children with FASD than in the general Norwegian population. A greater frequency of EEG pathology was also evident in children without epilepsy, across all FASD subgroups. Irrespective of epilepsy, ADHD comorbidity, and FASD subgroup, children with frontal EEG pathology, despite having a normal total IQ, showed significantly slower processing speed and poorer working memory, which may indicate specific executive function deficits that could affect learning and adaptive functioning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T01:53:28Z","timestamp":1702864408000},"page":"309-318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Frequency of epilepsy and pathological EEG findings in a Norwegian sample of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Impact on cognition and adaptive functioning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7035-781X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thorsten","family":"Gerstner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Competence Center for Children with Prenatal Alcohol\/Drug Exposure, Department of Pediatrics S\u00f8rlandet Hospital  Arendal Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5562-0854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Henning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Epilepsy Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gro","family":"L\u00f8haugen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Competence Center for Children with Prenatal Alcohol\/Drug Exposure, Department of Pediatrics S\u00f8rlandet Hospital  Arendal Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Skranes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Competence Center for Children with Prenatal Alcohol\/Drug Exposure, Department of Pediatrics S\u00f8rlandet Hospital  Arendal Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"e416","article-title":"Validation of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) 4\u2010digit diagnostic code","volume":"20","author":"Astley S.J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.01004.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","article-title":"Comparison of the FASD 4\u2010Digit Code and Hoyme et\u00a0al. 2016 FASD diagnostic guidelines","volume":"4","author":"Astley S.J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Pediatric Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01184.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02129.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2016.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"Electroencephalography (EEG): an introductory text and atlas of Normal and abnormal findings in adults, children, and infants","author":"Britton J.W.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01177.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-001-0060-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2017.1307952"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"Elliott E. 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