{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:51:15Z","timestamp":1791669075191,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>South Africa has the highest reported prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) globally. The most recent study reported a weighted, estimated FASD prevalence of 310 per 1000 in a community in the Western Cape Province. Because there is as yet no reliable estimate of the national burden of FASD in South Africa, further epidemiological studies are needed in diverse settings. This paper reports on a multiyear, multisite FASD epidemiological study that took place from 2015 to 2022 at eight study sites in four provinces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cross\u2010sectional epidemiological study used an active case\u2010ascertainment method, specifically in primary schools. All children were recruited when they were enrolled in Grade 1 at a participating school. All consented participants progressed through a tiered\u2010screening recruitment and diagnostic process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 3033 children were included in the study. A total of 3001 children were screened for FASD in the first tier, with 1086 progressing to the second and 495 to the third tier. Of the 495 children referred, 475 were discussed during the final case conference. A total of 309 participants were diagnosed with FAS across the eight study sites. The highest reported prevalence was in the Northern Cape Province, with a rate of 199.3\/1000 (95% CI, 147.6\u2013251) using all eligible participants as the denominator. The lowest prevalence was in the Eastern Cape Province, with a rate of 57.4\/1000 (95% CI, 36.5\u201378.3). The pooled FAS prevalence for the eight study sites was 80.2\/1000 (95% CI, 70.4\u201389.9).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As with previous studies, we found a concerningly high prevalence of FASD in South Africa. Given the scope of the problem it should be a high priority for health and welfare services to address.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T21:35:25Z","timestamp":1711661725000},"page":"867-879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A multi\u2010year, multi\u2010site study of the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7812-2524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacobus Gidion","family":"Louw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Alcohol Related Research  Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Stellenbosch University  Stellenbosch South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandi","family":"Broodryk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Alcohol Related Research  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liska","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Alcohol Related Research  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Acker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Alcohol Related Research  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis Lowe","family":"Viljoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Alcohol Related Research  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leana","family":"Olivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Alcohol Related Research  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"575","article-title":"The fetal alcohol syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Beyers N.","year":"1978","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal = Suid\u2010Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agr145"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo\u20102018\u2010000282"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"571","article-title":"The fetal alcohol syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Hayden M.R.","year":"1978","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal = Suid\u2010Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015\u20104256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"NEPSY \u2013 second edition (NEPSY\u2010II)","author":"Korkman M.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516\u201035982002000600018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1919"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.12.1905"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14922"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530\u20100277.2008.00634.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108408"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14705"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"e108","article-title":"Assessing fasd in young children: exploring clinical complexities and diagnostic challenges","volume":"22","author":"Mclachlan K.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"Microsoft Corporation. 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