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Among the PAE\u2010related cognitive deficits, number processing is particularly affected. This study examines alterations in number processing networks and whether changes in functional connectivity mediate the adverse effects of PAE on arithmetic performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was acquired in 57 children (mean (SD) age\u2009=\u200911.3 (+0.9) yr), 38 with FASD (19 fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or partial FAS (PFAS), 19 heavily exposed (HE)) and 19 controls. Whole\u2010brain correlation analyses were performed from five seeds located in regions involved in number processing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children with FAS\/PFAS showed dose\u2010dependent reductions in resting state functional connectivity between the seed in the right (R) posterior superior parietal lobule and a cluster in the left (L) inferior frontal gyrus, and between a seed in the R horizontal intraparietal sulcus and clusters in the R precentral gyrus and L cerebellar lobule VI. HE children showed lower resting state functional connectivity in a subset of these regions. Lower functional connectivity in the two fronto\u2010parietal connections partially mediated the adverse effects of PAE on arithmetic performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrates PAE\u2010related functional connectivity impairments in functional networks involved in number processing. The weaker connectivity between the R posterior superior parietal lobule and the L inferior frontal gyrus suggests that impaired verbal processing and visuospatial working memory may play a role in number processing deficits, while weaker connectivity between the R intraparietal sulcus and the R precentral gyrus points to poorer finger\u2010based numerical representation, which has been linked to arithmetic computational skills.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T02:05:01Z","timestamp":1714701901000},"page":"1050-1062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lower resting state functional connectivity partially mediates adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on arithmetic performance in children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0443-5904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keri J.","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8271-280X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Biology University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Statistical Computing Core National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jadrana T. 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