{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T23:49:09Z","timestamp":1783036149263,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]],"date-time":"2024-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000098","name":"Clinical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z99CL999999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z99CL999999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is commonly associated with distressing psychological symptoms. Pathologic changes associated with AUD have been described in both the gut microbiome and brain, but the mechanisms underlying gut\u2010brain signaling in individuals with AUD are unknown. This study examined associations among the gut microbiome, brain morphometry, and clinical symptoms in treatment\u2010seeking individuals with AUD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a secondary analysis of data collected during inpatient treatment for AUD in subjects who provided gut microbiome samples and had structural brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200916). Shotgun metagenomics sequencing was performed, and the morphometry of brain regions of interest was calculated. Clinical symptom severity was quantified using validated instruments. Gut\u2010brain modules (GBMs) used to infer neuroactive signaling potential from the gut microbiome were generated in addition to microbiome features (e.g., alpha diversity and bacterial taxa abundance). Bivariate correlations were performed between MRI and clinical features, microbiome and clinical features, and MRI and microbiome features.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Amygdala volume was significantly associated with alpha diversity and the abundance of several bacteria including taxa classified to <jats:italic>Blautia,<\/jats:italic> <jats:italic>Ruminococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Phocaeicola<\/jats:italic>. There were moderate associations between amygdala volume and GBMs, including butyrate synthesis I, glutamate synthesis I, and GABA synthesis I &amp; II, but these relationships were not significant after false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Other bacterial taxa with shared associations to MRI features and clinical symptoms included <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Prevotella copri.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified gut microbiome features associated with MRI morphometry and AUD\u2010associated symptom severity. Given the small sample size and bivariate associations performed, these results require confirmation in larger samples and controls to provide meaningful clinical inferences. Nevertheless, these results will inform targeted future research on the role of the gut microbiome in gut\u2010brain communication and how signaling may be altered in patients with AUD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]],"date-time":"2024-06-22T15:00:30Z","timestamp":1719068430000},"page":"1261-1277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The gut\u2010brain axis in individuals with alcohol use disorder: An\u00a0exploratory study of associations among clinical symptoms, brain morphometry, and the gut microbiome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4578-960X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Maki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Biobehavioral and Health Disparities Branch National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwenyth R.","family":"Wallen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Biobehavioral and Health Disparities Branch National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomaz F. 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Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie L.","family":"Schwandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Diazgranados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Cryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APC Microbiome Ireland and Department of Anatomy &amp; Neuroscience University College Cork  Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Momenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 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