{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T12:08:25Z","timestamp":1793275705694,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]],"date-time":"2024-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01DA054216;"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01DA054216;"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01AA027381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AA027381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01AA029135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AA029135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA022328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA022328"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AA018108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AA018108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recovery from alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a dynamic process that often entails periods of drinking but has been defined primarily by abstinence. Recently, a broader interpretation of recovery was developed, including meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) remission criteria and improved psychosocial functioning. This new understanding of recovery has facilitated the development of novel theories and methodologies. This paper reviews a new theoretical perspective of recovery, Reinforcer Pathology, and two novel methodological approaches in light of this broader view of recovery. Using this theoretical framework as a foundation, we propose an alternative perspective to explain the recovery process as it relates to environmental factors and valuation of the future; we suggest that changing the environment in which substances are available (e.g., increasing non\u2010alcohol\u2010related activities) and extending one's temporal window are associated with improved recovery outcomes (e.g., remission and quality of life). In this review, we discuss two novel methodological approaches. The first uses latent profile analysis to show that using a measure of Relative Reinforcement Value of Alcohol\u2010Free Activities is associated with a greater likelihood of belonging to a high functioning\/infrequent heavy drinking recovery profile. The second developed an online national sample and used an accelerated longitudinal design to study longer\u2010term recovery of up to 12\u2009years over a 5\u2010year study period. Reinforcer Pathology theory, novel methods, and measures may further our understanding of recovery and begin to address critical questions for future studies. Subsequent randomized clinical trials should examine whether the suggested targets and interventions based on the theoretical model improve recovery outcomes prospectively. Measuring and promoting alcohol\u2010free activity engagement may facilitate improved recovery outcomes, while novel methodologies permit an understanding of returning to use or remission across different recovery durations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]],"date-time":"2024-08-18T21:03:01Z","timestamp":1724014981000},"page":"1626-1636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Recovery from alcohol use disorder: Reinforcer pathology theory, measurement, and methods"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1048-7372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warren K.","family":"Bickel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Recovery Research Center Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion  Roanoke Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1086-3067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Witkiewitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqa N.","family":"Athamneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Recovery Research Center Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion  Roanoke Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alena","family":"Kuhlemeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716000866"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13535"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000460"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000389"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100619860513"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"Berger M.(2023)The US needs a new definition of substance use \u2018recovery\u2019.pdf. Available from:https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2023\/07\/11\/recovery\u2010definition\u2010addiction\u2010substance\u2010use\/[Accessed 15th July 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.564"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2020_145"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-023-00498-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153724"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.961736.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2017.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51721-6_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8439.003.0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108659"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038962"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"Clifford P.R.&Longabaugh R.(1991)Manual for the administration of the important people and activities instrument. Adapted for Use by Project MATCH for NIAAA 5 pp.R01AA06698\u201005."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00536.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01729.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01433.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2009.00190.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14765"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107252"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14192"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"Faverio M.(2022)Share of those 65 and older who are tech users has grown in the past decade. Available from:https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact\u2010tank\/2022\/01\/13\/share\u2010of\u2010those\u201065\u2010and\u2010older\u2010who\u2010are\u2010tech\u2010users\u2010has\u2010grown\u2010in\u2010the\u2010past\u2010decade\/[Accessed 16th August 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","volume-title":"The urge: our history of addiction","author":"Fisher C.E.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(95)01205-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0584"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.21090963"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12060782"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2017.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v26n01_07"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.5.503"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X07307315"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.2.219"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1998.59.640"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2014.75.999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2022.108783"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000713"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5335.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2229-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/12069-001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.5.3.256"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12561"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1100907"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13502"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v41.1.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2004.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2013.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.5.1.44"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01310.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.1105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093546"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","unstructured":"Office of the Surgeon General. (2019)Addiction and substance misuse reports and publications. Available from:https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/surgeongeneral\/reports\u2010and\u2010publications\/addiction\u2010and\u2010substance\u2010misuse\/index.html[Accessed 5th January 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"A brief tour into the history of gravity: from Emocritus to Einstein","volume":"1","author":"Papaspirou P.","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Space Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-015-0028-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000462"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Addiction and the brain\u2010disease fallacy","volume":"4","author":"Satel S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15427617rhd0203_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13825580590969343"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"Natural cohorts: family similarity in adult cognition","volume":"39","author":"Schaie K.W.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nebraska Symposium on Motivation"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026811"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2003.64.367"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2010.531670"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108795"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00406.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000263"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","volume-title":"Results from the 2020 National Survey on drug use and health (HHS publication No. PEP21\u201007\u201001\u2010003, NSDUH series H\u201056)","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000845"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14600"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00422.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2012.694597"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14235"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2024.2329580"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.2.378"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14403"}],"container-title":["Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/acer.15406","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T04:40:46Z","timestamp":1731991246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/acer.15406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/acer.15406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.15406","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2993-7175","2993-7175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2993-7175","type":"print"},{"value":"2993-7175","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-01-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}