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The current study describes data collection protocols and outcomes of a large, longitudinal study (the PAL Study 2021) that implemented online design elements to study individuals seeking peer support for an alcohol use disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 2021, the PAL Study collaborated with mutual\u2010help group (MHG) partners and recovery\u2010related organizations to recruit individuals attending a 12\u2010step group, Women for Sobriety (WFS), LifeRing Secular Recovery, and\/or SMART Recovery for an alcohol problem in\u2010person and\/or online in the prior 30\u2009days. Participation was solicited both online and in\u2010person. Individuals accessed baseline surveys via an open web link; follow\u2010ups occurred at 6 and 12\u2009months. Analyses included calculating the proportion of surveys eliminated in data quality review; comparing MHG subsamples to internal survey (benchmark) data for Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), WFS, LifeRing, and SMART; and examining response rates and attrition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although 93% of respondents who opened the baseline survey completed it, 87% of baseline surveys were eliminated in data quality review (final <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009531). Nonetheless, cleaned MHG subsamples were generally similar to benchmark samples on gender, age, race\/ethnicity, and education. Follow\u2010up rates for the cleaned sample were 88% (6\u2009months) and 85% (12\u2009months). Analyses revealed some differences in attrition by gender, primary MHG, and lifetime drug problems, but there was no evidence of greater attrition among those in earlier\/less stable recovery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Study methods appear to have produced a valid, largely representative sample of the hard\u2010to\u2010reach target population that was successfully followed across 12\u2009months. However, given the high survey elimination rate and need for extensive data review, we recommend that researchers avoid open\u2010link designs and include comprehensive data review when incorporating online design elements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T01:14:18Z","timestamp":1722993258000},"page":"1795-1806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The use of online methods to recruit and follow a hard\u2010to\u2010reach population in the Peer Alternatives for Addiction Study 2021 Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3437-3169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Zemore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Group  Emeryville California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1778-7415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne","family":"Delk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Group  Emeryville California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy A.","family":"Mericle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Group  Emeryville California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6797-1632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscilla","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Group  Emeryville California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Timko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford California USA"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Health Care System  Menlo Park California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Alcoholics anonymous 2022 membership survey","author":"Alcoholics Anonymous","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-01011-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2007.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1178221817716391"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X12443097"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12672"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-007-9352-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2015.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00964.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X07307771"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/job.1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.7655"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1103-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000689"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0533-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13221"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2019.1691131"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"Google Account Help. 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