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Object mass was also experimentally increased by separately adding two aluminum cubes with mass of 200 and 400\u2009g. Participants completed a block of eight trials for each object mass with the last six trials in each trial block being statistically analyzed. Selected temporal and kinetic parameters of grip force (GF) and load force (LF) were examined to quantitatively index precision grip performance of the two groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to typically developing peers, children with prenatal alcohol exposure used excessive and more variable LF and greater GF to lift each object mass, with more finger GF than thumb GF being applied to the apparatus. The GF\/LF ratio for the clinical group was greater when lifting the smallest mass load. When holding the object in space, children with prenatal alcohol exposure produced greater GF for the smallest mass load, again with more GF being applied via the finger compared to the thumb.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure demonstrate force deficits when using precision grip to manipulate an object with three different masses. Chronic irregular precision grip could manifest as a fine motor skill developmental delay that may negatively impact completion of functional activities of daily living requiring grasping an object with the index finger and thumb.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T08:19:27Z","timestamp":1735287567000},"page":"345-357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Control of precision grip in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Roger W.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7366-325X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer D.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Teratology San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9510-9564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanya T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California at San Diego  La Jolla California USA"},{"name":"Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging University of California at San Diego  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8499-9605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah N.","family":"Mattson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Teratology San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward P.","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Teratology San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530\u20100277.2009.01004.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00294.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsyg.2021.614471"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858407312080"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108749.1988.tb14637.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-79948-3_1541"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2011.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sercor\/bhy094"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709090481"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010neuro\u2010072116\u2010031548"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530\u20100277.2009.00994.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1630.12326"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887\u2010017\u20100945\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2013.008243"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pome.e0191684"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229662"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2021.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229422"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221\u2010017\u20105007\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15096"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.69.6.1789"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080125"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138506"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","unstructured":"Hollingshead A.B.(1975)Four factor index of social status. 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