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The increased risk might reflect heightened mesocorticolimbic responses to reward\u2010related cues but results published to date have been inconsistent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Young social drinkers (age 18.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6\u2009y.o.) who have been followed since birth were recruited from high\u2010 versus low\u2010risk trajectories based on externalizing (EXT) behavioral traits. All had functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans to measure mesocorticolimbic responses to alcohol, juice, and water cues (High EXT: 20F\/10M; Low EXT: 15F\/12M). Most had positron emission tomography (PET) [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]fallypride scans to measure brain regional dopamine D2 receptor availabilities (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200947).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with the low EXT group, high EXT participants reported larger subjective responses to the alcohol and juice cues (vs. water). Despite this, a main effect of group was not seen for brain activation responses to the alcohol and juice cues. Instead, low EXT participants exhibited higher mesocorticolimbic activations to alcohol than juice, whereas these activations did not differ in the high EXT group. Across all participants, alcohol (vs. water) blood oxygen level\u2010dependent (BOLD) responses in the striatum and amygdala were associated with midbrain [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]fallypride BP<jats:sub>ND<\/jats:sub> values.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Young social drinkers at high versus low risk for substance use disorders did not exhibit larger mesocorticolimbic BOLD activations to alcohol\u2010related cues and their responses poorly differentiated alcohol from juice. These observations raise the possibility that (i) diminished mesocorticolimbic BOLD differentiations between reward\u2010related cues might be a marker of increased risk for substance use disorders, and (ii) previously reported large BOLD responses to drug\u2010related cues in people with substance use disorders might better identify the disease than pre\u2010existing vulnerability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T03:54:41Z","timestamp":1735271681000},"page":"332-344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A multimodal neuroimaging study of youth at risk for substance use disorders: Functional magnetic resonance imaging and [<scp><sup>18<\/sup>F<\/scp>]fallypride positron emission tomography"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6211-2505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Nikolic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Program in Neuroscience McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6507-4973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvia M. 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