{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T12:24:44Z","timestamp":1780057484817,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA025043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA025043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study aimed to expand on existing research related to the theory of planned behavior (TPB) by exploring both between\u2010person and within\u2010person effects of descriptive norms and attitudes toward moderate and heavy drinking on drinking outcomes, including drinks per week, blackouts, and alcohol\u2010related consequences. While previous studies focus on between\u2010person effects, this study uniquely investigates both between\u2010person effects as well as within\u2010person changes over time, using longitudinal data collected at six points over 12\u2009months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants included 484 mandated college students (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u200918.66, SD<jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.758; 55.6% male). Participants completed measures of descriptive drinking norms, attitude toward moderate and heavy drinking, drinking intentions, and drinking outcomes, including drinks per week, blackout, and alcohol\u2010related consequences. Multilevel models were run to examine the unique between\u2010and within\u2010person effects of descriptive drinking norms and attitude toward moderate and heavy drinking on drinking outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, the results from the multilevel models showed that at the between\u2010person level, descriptive norms were associated with drinks per week, and a more favorable attitude toward heavy drinking was associated with higher weekly alcohol consumption and related consequences. At the within\u2010person level, within\u2010person fluctuations in descriptive norms and attitude toward heavy drinking were associated with higher weekly drinking, blackout, and alcohol\u2010related consequences, while favorable attitude toward moderate drinking were associated with lower odds of blackouts and fewer alcohol\u2010related consequences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Attitudes toward drinking, particularly heavy drinking, at both between\u2010person and within\u2010person levels, are strong predictors of alcohol use\u00a0and its consequences. Furthermore, attitude toward moderate drinking are protective. Interventions promoting a moderate drinking attitude and reducing heavy\u00a0drinking attitude and descriptive drinking norms will likely be effective in reducing alcohol\u2010related harm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.70008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T10:01:10Z","timestamp":1743328870000},"page":"883-892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Longitudinal analysis for between\u2010 and within\u2010person influences of descriptive alcohol drinking norms and attitudes on drinking outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4519-805X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo M.","family":"DiBello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Alcohol and Substance Use Studies &amp; Department of Graduate and Applied Professional Psychology Rutgers University  Piscataway New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0624-1414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Beth","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Missouri\u2010Columbia  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa R.","family":"Hatch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Rutgers University  Piscataway New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7190-8054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine R.","family":"Mastroleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Binghamton University  Binghamton New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate B.","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences Brown University School of Public Health  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69746-3_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2023.107692"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029508"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u2010295X.84.2.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20109280.00138"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0024835"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carey K.B. 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