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Fear conditioning is a standard procedure used to study stress learning and links it to the activation of amygdala circuitry. However, the connection between the changes in amygdala circuitry and function induced by alcohol and fear conditioning is not well established.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We introduce a computational model to test the mechanistic relationship between amygdala functional and circuit adaptations during fear conditioning and the impact of acute vs. repeated alcohol exposure. Using firing rate formalism, the model generates electrophysiological and behavioral responses in fear conditioning protocols via plasticity of amygdala inputs. The influence of alcohol is modeled by accounting for known modulation of connections within amygdala circuits, which consequently affect plasticity. Thus, the model connects the electrophysiological and behavioral experiments. We hypothesize that alterations within amygdala circuitry produced by alcohol cause abnormal plasticity of amygdala inputs such that fear extinction is slower to achieve and less robust.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In accordance with prior experimental results, both acute and prior repeated alcohol decrease the speed and robustness of fear extinction in our simulations. The model predicts that, first, the delay in fear extinction caused by alcohol is mostly induced by greater activation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) after fear acquisition due to alcohol\u2010induced modulation of synaptic weights. Second, both acute and prior repeated alcohol shift the amygdala network away from the robust extinction regime by inhibiting activity in the central amygdala (CeA). Third, our model predicts that fear memories formed during acute or after chronic alcohol are more connected to the context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The model suggests how circuit changes induced by alcohol may affect fear behaviors and provides a framework for investigating the involvement of multiple neuromodulators in this neuroadaptive process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.70071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T05:49:39Z","timestamp":1747720179000},"page":"1233-1247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mechanisms of alcohol influence on fear conditioning: A\u00a0computational 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