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Among drinkers, fathers of children with FASD: (a) consumed more drinks per occasion than controls ( =\u200911.5 vs. 9.7 for maternally exposed controls and 8.1 for maternally unexposed controls), (b) drank more frequently and binged, and (c) were reported to have had a drinking problem ( =\u200927.8% vs.  =\u200918.8%). Partial correlations, controlling for maternal average drinks per drinking day (DDD) by trimester and maternal tobacco use, indicated a significant, negative association between paternal heavy\/binge drinking (\u22655) and child outcomes resulting in a significant reduction in child height, head circumference, and verbal IQ. Categorical analysis of combined levels of maternal and paternal drinking indicated a significant mean reduction in child height, head circumference, and verbal IQ centile, and a significant increase in total dysmorphology score, did not occur without maternal drinking. Combined paternal and maternal drinking pattern analysis also indicated that paternal drinking was not independently associated with child total dysmorphology scores or neurocognitive outcomes. Models of maternal and paternal drinking were significant, but main and significant effects on total dysmorphology and neurocognitive outcomes were via maternal alcohol consumption. Likewise, paternal alcohol consumption was not independently associated with an FASD diagnosis when controlling for prenatal maternal alcohol and tobacco use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Paternal alcohol consumption was associated with an independent, negative influence on child height, head circumference, and verbal IQ. Maternal drinking, when combined with heavy male drinking, was associated with more severe FASD outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.70105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T07:28:15Z","timestamp":1752305295000},"page":"1716-1729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Does paternal alcohol consumption affect the severity of traits of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1939-8701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip A.","family":"May","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Kannapolis North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Center on Alcohol, Substance Use and Addictions (CASAA) The University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University  Tygerberg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie M.","family":"Hasken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Nutrition Research Institute University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Kannapolis North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Blankenship","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Alcohol, Substance Use and Addictions (CASAA) The University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna\u2010Susan","family":"Marais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University  Tygerberg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Phillip","family":"Gossage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Alcohol, Substance Use and Addictions (CASAA) The University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy O.","family":"Kalberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Alcohol, Substance Use and Addictions (CASAA) The University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"De Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University  Tygerberg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luther K.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dysmorphology and Clinical Genetics State University of New York at Buffalo  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Alcohol, Substance Use and Addictions (CASAA) The University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Stanford University School of Medicine  Palo Alto California USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Stanford University School of Medicine  Palo Alto California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9787-2785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles D. 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